4. Outcome measures within included studies.
| Study | Functional ability in ADL | Visual field Outcome category (measure) |
Functional ability in EADL | Reading | Falls | Quality of life | Visual scanning | Adverse events | Other | Outcomes with data included within meta‐analyses |
| Aimola 2011 | Kinetic Perimetry (unspecified kinetic perimeter) Static Superthreshold (Esterman measures of static superthreshold) (NB not clear if recorded as outcome or not; no results provided for visual field data) |
Reading (corrected reading speed) | 1. VFQ 25 2. VIQ ‐ Visual Impairments questionnaire 3. Subjective Reasons questionnaire | 1. visual search ‐ find the number (computer ‐based) 2. visuomotor search ‐ find items on a shelf | Tasks simulating ADL ‐ 1. driving hazard perception (mean score per hazard), 2. obstacle avoidance (completion time), 3. visuomotor search (time) Attention tasks ‐ 1. sustained attention to response (mean percentage error score), 2. test of everyday attention |
Reading: Analysis 2.3 Visual search: time to complete Analysis 2.5 QoL: data not included as only available for individual questionnaire items |
||||
| Bainbridge 1994 | Gross visual screening (Harrington‐Flocks Visual Field Score) | Line Cancellation Test | Motor Free Visual Perception Score Line Bisection Test |
No data included in meta‐analyses (as no control group). See Table 9 | ||||||
| Bowers 2014 | Mobility questionnaire | Question: "If the study were to end today, would you want to continue with these prism glasses (i.e. the prism glasses worn in that period)?" | Functional ability in EADL: Analysis 3.3 | |||||||
| De Haan 2015 | Kinetic perimetry (Goldmann Perimetry, Functional Field score) | Independent Mobility questionnaire | 1. Radner reading test; (a) Radner average reading speed (wpm), (b) minimal readable text size (LogRad) 2. Text reading test; (a) text reading speed (wpm), (b) text correct answers |
1. NEI‐VFQ‐25 (Visual Functional questionnaire) 2. Cerebral Visual Disorders questionnaire | 1. visual scanning ‐ dots test 2. visual search ‐ letters (parallel search test) 3. visual search ‐ letters (serial search) | Not reported as an outcome measure, but stated no adverse events in either group | Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, hazard perception, simulating driving/tracking task, obstacle course | Visual field: Functional Field score Analysis 2.1 Reading: Radner average reading speed Analysis 2.3 Visual scanning: Parallel search test, time Analysis 2.5 QoL: NEI VFQ Analysis 2.4 Functional ability in EADL: mobility questionnaire Analysis 2.2 |
||
| Elshout 2016 | Goldman perimetry Humphrey perimetry |
Reading speed (words per minute) ‐ 15 point Arial font, 88 and 165 words | No data included (as data not available for before the cross‐over) | |||||||
| Gall 2013 | Static Threshold Perimetry (Standard automated perimetry) | 1. NEI VFQ 39 (vision‐related) 2. SF‐12 (health‐related) | No data included in meta‐analyses (as no suitable data presented in abstract) | |||||||
| Jarvis 2012 | FIM | 1. Functional mobility (timed walk) 2. Non‐validated questionnaire giving qualitative information about their treatment approach |
Functional ability in ADL: Functional Independence Measure Analysis 4.1 | |||||||
| Jobke 2009 | Static Threshold Perimetry (Standard automated perimetry) Resolution Perimetry (High resolution perimetry) |
Radner reading test | NEI VFQ | Zahlen‐Verbindungs test (ZVT) for measuring the speed of connecting numbers in a paper‐pencil test | No data included in meta‐analyses (as no control group). See Table 9 (for data available before the cross‐over) | |||||
| Kasten 1998 | Resolution Perimetry (High resolution perimetry) Static Threshold Perimetry (Tubinger automated perimetry) |
Quality of life questionnaire | Visual acuity: Landolt ring to give minimum angle of resolution | Visual field: Tubinger automated perimetry: border position in degrees of visual angle from zero vertical meridian Analysis 1.1 Quality of life Analysis 1.2 |
||||||
| Kasten 2007 | Resolution Perimetry (High resolution perimetry: number of hits, learning effects, fixation ability, false hits) Static Threshold Perimetry (Tubinger automated perimetry: no of hits, fixation ability) |
Subjective visual ability questionnaire | 1. Eye movements: "Chronos Vision Eye Tracker" 2. Visual acuity 3. "Zahlen‐Verbindungs Test" of visuo‐spatial attention 4. "Alters‐Konzentrationstest" attention test for older people 5. "testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitspruefung" ability to improve attention |
No data included in meta‐analyses (as no control group). See Table 9 (for available data comparing group outcomes) | ||||||
| Keller 2010 | Kinetic Perimetry (Goldmann perimetry) Static Superthreshold (Goldmann suprathreshold) |
Reading time (standardised reading test) | OT administered questionnaire (based on Kerkhoff's self‐evaluation of ADL) | 1. Visual exploration test (number of omissions) 2. Search task (search time) |
Electro‐oculography | No data included in meta‐analyses (as no control group). See Table 9 | ||||
| Modden 2012 | Extended Barthel Index (German) | Gross Visual Screening (Test Battery of Attentional Performance: visual field assessment) |
Reading ‐ Weschler memory tests (errors) | 1. Visual scan: from the Test Battery of Attentional Performance 2. Visual search: cancellation tasks from Behavioural Inattention Test (BIT) (omissions) | Attention: Test Battery of Attentional Performance (alertness) | No data included in meta‐analyses (as no control group). See Table 9 | ||||
| Plow 2010 | Resolution Perimetry (High resolution perimetry: position of visual field border and stimulus detection accuracy) Gross Visual Screening (subjective topographic measure of perceived visual field deficit) |
Impact of Vision Impairment (IVI) profile Low Vision‐ Visual Functional Questionnaire (LV‐VFQ) |
Measure of fixation performance | No data included in meta‐analyses (as no control group). See Table 9 | ||||||
| Poggel 2004 | Static Threshold Perimetry (Tubinger automated perimetry (TAP)) Static Superthreshold (High resolution campimetry) Resolution Perimetry (High resolution perimetry (HRP)) |
No data included in meta‐analyses (as no control group). See Table 9 | ||||||||
| Rossi 1990 | Barthel Index | Gross Visual Screening (Harrington Flocks Visual Screener) Static Superthreshold (Tangent screen examination) |
Number of falls | Line cancellation task | Modified Mini Mental Status Examination, Motor Free Visual Perceptual Test, Line Bisection Task |
ADL: Barthel Index: Analysis 3.1 Visual Field: Analysis 3.2 Falls: number of falls Analysis 3.5 Visual scanning: cancellation Analysis 3.7 |
||||
| Roth 2009 | Static Threshold Perimetry (Tubinger automated perimetry (TAP)) Resolution Perimetry (Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy) |
Reading speed | QoL: World Health Organisation questionnaire WHOQOL‐BREF | 1. Digit search task (response time) 2. Natural search task (table test)(response time) 3. Natural scene exploration 4. Fixation stability (video eye tracker) |
No data included in meta‐analyses (as no control group). See Table 9 | |||||
| Rowe 2010 | Kinetic Perimetry (Goldmann perimetry) Static Superthreshold (Esterman measures of static superthreshold) |
Nottingham extended activities of daily living (NEADL) | Reading ability (Radner test) | 1. VFQ 25‐10 (vision related) 2. EQ‐5D 3. SF‐12 | Number of participants and number of adverse events | Rivermead Mobility Index | Visual Field: relative change in visual field area Analysis 2.1 and Analysis 3.2 QoL: VFQ 25‐10 Analysis 2.4 and Analysis 3.6 Adverse events:Analysis 2.6; Analysis 3.8 |
|||
| Schuett 2012 | Kinetic Perimetry (Tubingen kinetic perimetry) (NB not recorded immediately after first phase) | Reading (speed and errors) | Cancellation (speed and errors) | No data included in meta‐analyses (as no control group). See Table 9 | ||||||
| Spitzyna 2007 | Kinetic Perimetry (Goldmann perimetry) Static Threshold Perimetry (Humphrey 10‐2 central threshold programme) (NB not recorded immediately after first phase) |
1. Text reading speeds 2. Single word reading speeds |
Eye movement characteristics: ‐ spatial characteristics of saccadic amplitude, incoming saccade amplitude and landing position ‐ temporal characteristics |
Reading (text reading speed): Analysis 2.3 Visual field ‐data not included as not collected before cross‐over. |
||||||
| Szlyk 2005 | Kinetic Perimetry (Goldman Perimetry) | Indoor functional assessment Outdoor functional assessment Driving skills assessment Psychophysical assessment Satisfaction Prisms use at 2 years |
No data included in meta‐analyses(as no control group). No data reported for before the cross‐over. |
ADL: activities of daily living BIT: behavioural inattention test EADL: extended activities of daily living EQ‐5D:standardised EuroQol health‐related quality of life instrument FIM: Functional Independence Measure HRP: high resolution perimetry IVI: impact of vision impairment LogRad: a scale of reading acuity LV‐VFQ: low vision functional questionnaire NB: note NEADL: Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living NEI‐VFQ‐25: National Eye Institution Visual Function Questionnaire OT: occupational therapy QoL: quality of life SF‐12: 12‐Item Short Form Health Survey TAP: tubinger automated perimetry VFQ: visual function questionnaire VIQ: visual impairment questionnaire WHOQOL‐BREF: World Health Organisation quality of life questionnaire wpm: words per minute ZVT: Zahlen‐Verbindungs test