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Schematic diagram showing morphine-mediated activation of astrocytes and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines via MOR-mediated ER stress and defective autophagy. Morphine binds to the MOR in the astrocytes and activates the ER stress. ER stress then induces autophagosome formation but impedes the fusion of autophagosome with the lysosomes leading to defective autophagy. Defective autophagy, in turn, leads to astrocyte activation and proinflammatory cytokines secretion.
