Table 1.
Pre‐intervention setting (used as control)
| Reference | Type of excreta disposal facility | Type of water supply* |
| Aziz 1990 | Open defecation | Improved |
| Garrett 2008 | 27% coverage of improved latrines | Unimproved |
| Hu 1988 | Shallow pit or single urn latrine | Improved |
| Huttly 1990 | Open defecation and open pit | Unimproved |
| McCabe 1957 | 52% unsatisfactory facilities, including surface privies; remainder had toilets connected to sewerage system with treatment | Unclear |
| Messou 1997 | Unclear | Unclear |
| Rubenstein 1965 | Unclear | Improved |
| Wei 1998 | Unclear | Unclear |
| Xu 1990 | Unclear ("normal toilet") | Improved |
| Xu 1994 | Unclear | Unclear |
| Yan 1986 | Pit latrine with no management of faeces removal | Unclear |
| Zhang 2000 | Open pit | Improved |
| Zhu 1997 | Unclear | Unclear |
| *Definition based on WHO/UNICEF 2002 | ||