| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| D'Alessandro 1996 | 1. Cluster randomized trial that did not adjust for clustering in the analysis 2. Substantial proportions of missing data: of the 651 women in their first pregnancy recruited, only 358 (55%) had blood samples collected at 32 weeks gestation that were used in the analysis; 537 (82%) were available for the pregnancy outcomes but only 380 (58%) were available for birthweight with 289 (44%) available with placenta biopsy; 319 (49%) had information on survival |