Table 1.
Clinical and laboratory features of the study sample by elevated zonulin level (n = 114).
| All Patients | Normal Zonulin (≤15.2 ng/ml) | Elevated Zonulin (>15.2ng/ml) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 114 | n = 60 | n = 54 | ||
| Age (year), median (IQR) | 10 (5, 14) | 11 (5, 14) | 9 (5, 14) | 0.72 |
| 0–6, n (%) | 2 (2) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | |
| 7–12, n (%) | 41 (36) | 20 (33) | 21 (39) | |
| 13–17, n (%) | 32 (28) | 15 (25) | 17 (31) | |
| Unknown, n (%) | 39 (34) | 23 (38) | 16 (30) | |
| Gender | 0.05 | |||
| Male, n (%) | 59 (52) | 36 (60) | 23 (43) | |
| Female, n (%) | 53 (46) | 22 (27) | 31 (57) | |
| Unknown, n (%) | 2 (2) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | |
| Race | 0.18 | |||
| Multi-racial, n (%) | 9 (8) | 4 (7) | 5 (9) | |
| Asian/Asian American, n (%) | 10 (9) | 3 (5) | 7 (13) | |
| Black/African American, n (%) | 44 (39) | 20 (33) | 24 (44) | |
| White/Caucasian, n (%) | 45 (39) | 29 (48) | 16 (30) | |
| Unknown, n (%) | 6 (6) | 4 (7) | 2 (4) | |
| Diagnosis | 0.41 | |||
| MCD, n (%) | 64 (56) | 32 (53) | 32 (59) | |
| FSGS, n (%) | 47 (41) | 25 (42) | 22 (41) | |
| Non-biopsied, n (%) | 2 (1) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | |
| Other, n (%) | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | |
| Clinical disease activity | 0.57 | |||
| IRNS, n (%) | 27 (24) | 12 (20) | 15 (28) | |
| FRNS/SDNS, n (%) | 41 (36) | 25 (42) | 16 (30) | |
| SRNS, n (%) | 30 (26) | 15 (25) | 15 (28) | |
| Unknown, n (%) | 16 (14) | 8 (13) | 8 (15) | |
| SBP %tile, Median (IQR) | 71 (46, 91) | 71 (47, 95) | 69 (42, 89) | 0.65 |
| DBP %tile, Median (IQR) | 73 (43, 88) | 70 (39, 87) | 73 (46, 89) | 0.63 |
| Urine protein: creatinine ratio (g/g) at screening, Mean (SD) | 4.8 (1.8, 9.6) | 4.9 (2.2, 10.6) | 4.6 (1.2, 9.2) | 0.55 |
| Urine protein: creatinine ratio(g/g) at baseline visit, Median (IQR) | 1.4 (0.2, 5.3) | 2.7 (0.3, 5.7) | 0.8 (0.1, 4.7) | 0.11 |
| Urine protein: creatinine ratio(g/g) at visit with zonulin measurement, Median (IQR) | 0.5 (0.1, 3.4) | 0.7 (0.2, 5.5) | 0.4 (0.1, 1.4) | 0.04 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) at zonulin assessment, Median (IQR) | 96 (80, 114) | 96 (76, 115) | 97 (80, 113) | 0.98 |
| Serum albumin (mg/dL) at zonulin assessment, Median (IQR) | 3.5 (2.7, 4.2) | 3.2 (2.4, 4.0) | 3.8 (3.2, 4.3) | 0.06 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) at zonulin assessment, Median (IQR) | 198 (163, 289) | 216 (166, 339) | 192 (162, 261) | 0.30 |