Vaccine type	Specific vaccine	Status	Year developed (approximate)	Components	Notes	Producer	Trials
—	KKhv	Unclear	1985	TBE strain K23 (grown on chick‐embryo cells, formalin inactivated, purified, stabilized with polygeline and adsorbed onto 0.2% alum) Prepared from the Sofin strain, which is of the Far Eastern TBE subtype	—	Academy of Medical Sciences, former USSR	Popov 1985 (awaiting assessment)
—	IPVE	Unclear	1999	Inactivated, dry, purified concentrated suspension of the Sofin strain Contains no more than 30 µg of extrinsic protein and aluminium hydroxide gel as solvent	Prepared for use in 1‐dose ampoules (0.5 mL)	Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides (IPVE)	Pavlova 1999
FSME‐IMMUN	FSME‐IMMUN [1976]	Not licensed	1976	Neudoerfl strain TBE virus (European subtype) grown in a chick‐embryo cell culture partially purified by hydroxyapatite chromatography and inactivated by formalin with aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant	In Western Europe, First TBE vaccine developed in Western Europe (Kunz 1992) Reports of adverse effects (headache, malaise, pyrexia) were common	Baxter (Immuno AG)	—
	FSME‐IMMUN [1980]	Not licensed	1980	A "highly purified" version consisting of TBE‐virus antigen purified by continuous flow zonal ultracentrifugation (1 µg/dose) Formaldehyde‐inactivated TBE virus (1 to 3.5 µg) prepared from a "seed virus" cultivated on mouse brain suspension and containing aluminium hydroxide (1 mg) as adjuvant Stabilized with addition of human seroalbumin (0.5 µg) Preparation also contained thiomerosal (0.05 mg) as preservative and 0.35 mg of Na‐EDTA as stabilizer	Developed in response to adverse effects with 1976 version Led to the development of the highly purified version 3 intramuscular doses of 0.5 mL each containing 2 to 3 μg of inactivated TBE virus antigen at 0, 3, and 10 to 13 months, with booster doses recommended every 3 years (Kunz 1992)	Baxter (Immuno AG)	Immuno 1996 Pavlova 1999
	FSME‐IMMUN [1999]	Not licensed	1999	Preparation had same composition of the precedent vaccine (quantity of sugary and buffer solutions were unvaried), but it did not contain conservant thiomerosal and stabilizer Na‐EDTA	With the aim to observe the new instructions of the "European Pharmacopoeia" (Council of Europe 1999), this new FSME‐IMMUN vaccine was introduced on the market	Baxter (Immuno AG)	—
	TicoVac	Not licensed	2000	Concerns of contamination from mouse brain proteins led producers to cultivate seed virus using chick embryo cells instead First vaccine not to contain human seroalbumin stabilizer and prepared with adjuvant only (aluminium hydroxide) Formaldehyde‐inactivated prepared with aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant TBE virus strain Neudorfl grown on primary chick embryo fibroblasts, purified and concentrated by sucrose density centrifugation No albumin or thiomersal Antigen content 2.7 µg target; 2 to 3.5 µg range	High rate of adverse events (eg fever and convulsions in children) meant this vaccine not successful	Baxter (Immuno AG)	Eder 2003i Eder 2003ii
	FSME‐IMMUN (new)	Licensed	2001	Human seroalbumin re‐included in formulation	Conventional vaccination schedule consists of 3 doses at birth, 1 to 3 months, and 9 to 12 months after second dose Rapid immunization schedule involves 2 vaccine doses given 2 or 3 weeks apart (Beran 2004) Fewer adverse reactions observed	Baxter (Immuno AG)	Ehrlich 2003 Loew‐Baselli 2006
	FSME‐IMMUN (Junior)	Licensed	2002	Paediatric formulation containing the half dose of all components present in the adult formulation (Barrett 2003)	—	Baxter (Immuno AG)	—
Encepur	Encepur (aged at least 12 years)	Not licensed	1991	Contains TBE virus (K23, European subtype) isolated from a tick near Karlsruhe, Germany Virus grown on primary chick embryo cells, inactivated by formaldehyde, purified with continuous‐flow density gradient centrifugation, adjuvated with aluminium hydroxide and stabilized with polygeline (gelatine + Tris‐EDTA‐buffer, + K glutamate 0.1%)	—	Chiron‐Behring (now part of Novartis)	Bock 1990 Harabacz 1992 Girgsdies 1996 Loew‐Baselli 2006
	Encepur K (paediatric formulation)	Not licensed	1991	Contains half dose of antigen, excipients, adjuvant of Encepur	Many adverse reactions observed in consequence to the high IgE response to the gelatin stabilizer, and Encepur K withdrawn from the market	Chiron‐Behring (now part of Novartis)	—
	Encepur adults	Licensed	Unclear	Contains inactivated TBE virus antigen (strain K23, 1.5 µg), aluminium hydroxide (1 mg), formaldehyde (max 5 μg), salts, sucrose, and water Poligeline free Each 0.5 mL dose contains 1.5 µg of TBE virus strain K23 formalin inactivated and adjuvanted with 1.0 mg aluminium hydroxide, and sucrose (25 mg) as stabilizer an was intramuscularly administered	Licensed for rapid immunization schedule on days 0, 7, and 21 followed by a fourth dose 12 to 18 months later (Barrett 2003)	Novartis	Schöndorf 2007
	Encepur children	Licensed	Unclear	Contains half the dose of antigen (0.75 µg antigen/0.25 mL dose), excipients, adjuvant compared to the adult preparation Poligeline free	Licensed for rapid immunization schedule on days 0, 7, and 21 followed by a fourth dose 12 to 18 months later (Barrett 2003)	Novartis	Schoendorf 2007
—	Chimeric live‐attenuated vaccines	Under study	—	Prepared with the use of a recombinant technique by replacing membrane precursor and envelope structural protein genes of non‐neuroinvasive, mosquito‐borne dengue 4 virus (DEN4) with the corresponding genes of langat virus strain TP21	—	—	Wright 2008