Comparison 11. Exploration of heterogeneity: country of origin ‐ income status.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Rotavirus diarrhoea: episodes	40		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
1.1 Rhesus vaccines: high‐income countries	14	8182	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.56 [0.46, 0.68]
1.2 Rhesus vaccines: middle‐income countries	6	5123	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.64 [0.48, 0.83]
1.3 Bovine vaccines: high‐income countries	14	4073	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.50 [0.35, 0.71]
1.4 Bovine vaccines: middle‐income countries	1	485	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.78 [0.62, 0.97]
1.5 Bovine vaccines: low‐income countries	2	725	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.57, 1.18]
1.6 Human vaccines: high‐income countries	2	496	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.49 [0.12, 1.99]
1.7 Human vaccines: middle‐income countries	1	1986	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.35 [0.24, 0.51]
2 Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe episodes	23		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
2.1 Rhesus vaccines: high‐income countries	7	6585	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.39 [0.25, 0.61]
2.2 Rhesus vaccines: middle‐income countries	4	4021	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.50 [0.35, 0.72]
2.3 Bovine vaccines: high‐income countries	8	2918	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.31 [0.20, 0.46]
2.4 Bovine vaccines: low‐income countries	2	725	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.58, 1.09]
2.5 Human vaccines: high‐income countries	1	215	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.14 [0.04, 0.46]
2.6 Human vaccines: middle‐income countries	1	1986	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.23 [0.14, 0.40]
3 Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe episodes requiring hospitalization	13		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.1 Rhesus vaccine: high‐income countries	3	3782	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.15 [0.02, 1.33]
3.2 Rhesus vaccine: middle‐income countries	4	4021	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.58 [0.35, 0.95]
3.3 Bovine vaccines: high‐income countries	2	736	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.18 [0.03, 0.99]
3.4 Bovine vaccines: middle‐income countries	1	485	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.35 [0.14, 0.93]
3.5 Bovine vaccines: low‐income countries	1	472	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.57 [0.17, 1.91]
3.6 Human vaccines: high‐income countries	1	215	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.20 [0.01, 4.08]
3.7 Human vaccines: middle‐income countries	1	1986	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.21 [0.09, 0.50]
4 All‐cause diarrhoea: episodes (number of cases/number of participants)	23		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
4.1 Rhesus vaccines: high‐income countries	9	4924	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.85 [0.77, 0.94]
4.2 Rhesus vaccines: middle‐income countries	2	2782	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.83, 0.93]
4.3 Bovine vaccines: high‐income countries	10	3064	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.69 [0.55, 0.86]
4.4 Bovine vaccines: low‐income countries	1	245	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.98 [0.83, 1.17]
4.5 Human vaccines: high‐income countries	1	281	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.91 [0.57, 1.44]
5 All‐cause diarrhoea: severe episodes (clinical or measured by any scale)	6		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
5.1 Rhesus vaccines: high‐income countries	2	1361	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.87 [0.73, 1.02]
5.2 Rhesus vaccines: middle‐income countries	1	302	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.47 [0.20, 1.11]
5.3 Bovine vaccines: high‐income countries	3	714	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.51 [0.21, 1.26]
6 All‐cause diarrhoea: episodes requiring hospitalization	7		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
6.1 Rhesus vaccine: high‐income countries	4	5023	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.66, 0.99]
6.2 Bovine vaccines: high‐income countries	2	337	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.04, 12.07]
6.3 Bovine vaccines: low‐income countries	1	472	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.57 [0.17, 1.91]
7 All‐cause diarrhoea: episodes requiring re‐hydration	11		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
7.1 Rhesus vaccine: high‐income countries	1	1278	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.31 [0.14, 0.68]
7.2 Rhesus vaccine: middle‐income countries	4	4281	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.58 [0.33, 1.05]
7.3 Bovine vaccines: high‐income countries	5	2148	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.42 [0.26, 0.67]
7.4 Human vaccines: high‐income countries	1	215	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.14 [0.01, 2.71]