Comparison 1. Continuous glucose monitoring versus intermittent glucose monitoring.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy	2	384	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.58 [0.39, 0.85]
2 Caesarean section	3	427	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.75, 1.18]
3 Large‐for‐gestational age	3	421	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.57, 1.26]
4 Perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality)	1	71	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.05, 12.61]
5 Mortality or morbidity composite (pregnancy loss (miscarriage, stillbirth, and neonatal death); birth injury; neonatal glycaemia; hyperbilirubinaemia; respiratory distress; and high level neonatal care of more than 24 hours)	1	200	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.80 [0.61, 1.06]
6 Pre‐eclampsia	4	609	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.65 [0.39, 1.08]
7 Pregnancy‐induced hypertension	2	384	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.38, 1.16]
8 Behaviour changes associated with the intervention (range of score 10‐50 ‐ high score= greater fear of hypoglycaemia)	1	214	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.00 [‐1.06, 3.06]
9 Sense of well‐being and quality of life (Short form 12 (SF‐12), total score at 34 weeks' gestation)	1	214	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.70 [‐2.50, 1.10]
10 Sense of well‐being and quality of life (Problem areas in diabetes (PAID), total score at 34 weeks' gestation)	1	214	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.80 [‐3.06, 4.66]
11 Sense of well‐being and quality of life (BGMSRQ, total score at 34 weeks' gestation)	1	214	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	4.30 [0.73, 7.87]
12 Glycaemic control ‐ Maternal HbA1c	2	258	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.37 [‐0.78, 0.04]
13 Glycaemic control ‐ Achieved maternal HbA1c <= 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) at 34 weeks	1	187	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.27 [1.00, 1.62]
14 Maternal hypoglycaemia (severe)	1	154	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.92 [0.43, 1.95]
15 Miscarriage	3	439	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.24 [0.47, 3.26]
16 Stillbirth	1	211	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.34 [0.01, 8.17]
17 Neonatal mortality	2	256	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.92 [0.13, 6.37]
18 Gestational age at birth	1	68	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.10 [‐0.57, 0.77]
19 Preterm birth < 37 weeks	3	430	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.96 [0.72, 1.29]
20 Preterm birth < 34 weeks	1	211	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.46 [0.17, 1.28]
21 Macrosomia	3	451	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.84 [0.61, 1.17]
22 Birthweight	2	267	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.13 [‐0.38, 0.12]
23 Small‐for‐gestational age	2	269	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.40 [0.55, 10.51]
24 Head circumference (cm)	1	160	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.79, 0.39]
25 Length (crown‐heel length cm)	1	160	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.79, 0.39]
26 Adiposity (sum of 4 skin folds (tricepts, subscapular, biceps, flank) mm)	1	160	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐1.98, 1.58]
27 Shoulder dystocia	1	200	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.12, 72.77]
28 Respiratory distress syndrome	1	200	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.41, 2.41]
29 Neonatal hypoglycaemia	3	428	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.48, 0.93]
30 Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia	1	200	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.52, 1.26]
31 Relevant biomarker changes associated with the intervention (cord blood c‐peptide levels > 566 pmol/L)	1	200	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.95 [0.68, 1.33]
32 Relevant biomarker changes associated with the intervention (cord blood c‐peptide levels > 2725 pmol/L)	1	200	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.33, 3.00]
33 Major and minor anomalies	2	285	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.71 [0.16, 3.13]
34 Number of hospital admissions (mother)	1	207	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.25 [0.84, 1.85]
35 Neonatal intensive care unit admissions	2	274	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.76 [0.42, 1.35]
36 Neonatal intensive care unit length of admission > 24 hours	1	200	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.63 [0.42, 0.93]
37 Birth trauma (shoulder dystocia, bone fracture, nerve palsy)	1	200	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	5.0 [0.24, 102.85]
38 Diabetic ketoacidosis (mother)	1	207	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.01 [0.14, 7.03]