Comparison 4. Pre‐prandial versus post‐prandial glucose monitoring.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Caesarean section	1	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.45 [0.92, 2.28]
2 Large‐for‐gestational age	1	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.16 [0.73, 1.85]
3 Perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality)	1	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.91 [0.12, 68.66]
4 Pre‐eclampsia	1	58	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	6.43 [0.82, 50.11]
5 Weight gain during pregnancy	1	61	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.90 [‐3.86, 2.06]
6 Insulin dose	1	61	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐17.40 [‐43.41, 8.61]
7 Glycaemic control ‐ Insulin dose	1	61	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.45, 0.05]
8 Glycaemic control ‐ HbA1c	1	61	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.30 [‐0.08, 0.68]
9 Stillbirth	1	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.91 [0.12, 68.66]
10 Gestational age at birth	1	61	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.20 [‐0.84, 1.24]
11 Preterm birth < 37 weeks	1	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.33 [0.62, 2.84]
12 Macrosomia	1	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.18 [0.75, 6.32]
13 Birthweight	1	61	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.24 [‐0.10, 0.58]
14 Adiposity ‐ Subscapula skinfold thickness	1	61	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.60 [‐0.18, 1.38]
15 Adiposity ‐ Triceps skinfold thickness	1	61	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.60 [0.04, 1.16]
16 Birth trauma (shoulder dystocia, bone fracture, nerve palsy) (not pre‐specified as a composite)	1	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.48 [0.05, 5.06]
17 Respiratory distress syndrome	1	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.97 [0.06, 14.78]
18 Neonatal hypoglycaemia	1	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.09 [0.48, 2.45]
19 Neonatal jaundice (hyperbilirubinaemia)	1	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.16 [0.40, 3.40]
20 Cord IGF‐1	1	61	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.30 [‐0.70, 3.30]
21 Neonatal glucose at age 1 hour (not pre‐specified)	1	61	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐0.88, 0.48]
22 Transient tachypnea (not pre‐specified)	1	61	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.58 [0.76, 8.81]
23 Neonatal intensive care admissions	1	59	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.04 [0.62, 1.74]