Comparison 5. Automated telemedicine monitoring versus conventional.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Caesarean section	1	32	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.96 [0.62, 1.48]
2 Neonatal morbidity composite	1	32	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.18 [0.53, 2.62]
3 Gestational age at birth	3	84	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.24 [‐0.39, 0.88]
4 Use of additional insulin therapy	1	32	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.89, 1.12]
5 Insulin requirement at end of study	1	20	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	18.4 [12.88, 23.92]
6 Glycaemic control ‐ Maternal fasting blood glucose: before breakfast	1	20	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐1.0 [‐1.22, ‐0.78]
7 Glycaemic control ‐ Maternal fasting blood glucose: before lunch	1	20	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐1.10 [‐1.32, ‐0.88]
8 Glycaemic control ‐ Maternal HbA1c	3	82	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.17 [‐0.82, 0.48]
9 Glycaemic control ‐ Maternal post‐prandial blood glucose	2	50	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.80 [‐1.67, 0.08]
10 Weight gain during pregnancy [kg]	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.70 [‐4.95, 3.55]
11 Macrosomia	1	32	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.18 [0.31, 4.43]
12 Birthweight	1	32	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.16 [‐0.64, 0.32]