Comparison 1. Non‐pyrethroid‐like indoor residual spraying (IRS) plus insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) versus ITNs alone.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Malaria incidence	2		Rate ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.46, 1.86]
2 Malaria parasite prevalence	4		Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.35, 1.28]
3 Malaria parasite prevalence (net usage subgroup analysis)	4		Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.35, 1.28]
3.1 Net usage ≥ 50%	2		Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.47 [0.33, 0.67]
3.2 Net usage < 50%	2		Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.87 [0.34, 2.22]
4 Anaemia prevalence	2		Risk Ratio (Random, 95% CI)	0.46 [0.18, 1.20]
5 kdr allelic frequency	1		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
5.1 Sensitivity analysis with an estimated intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.01	1	107	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.01 [0.86, 1.18]
5.2 Sensitivity analysis with an estimated ICC of 0.05	1	84	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.83, 1.18]
5.3 Sensitivity analysis with an estimated ICC of 0.1	1	67	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.01 [0.83, 1.22]