Deressa 2016.
| Methods |
Study design: cRCT with 4 intervention arms:
Study status: ongoing Unit of allocation: villages Number of units: 44 clusters per arm, with each cluster comprised of approximately 35 households (about 175 people) Outcome assessment/surveillance type: malaria incidence based on the results of the RDTs in people with a fever or history of fever attending health posts by passive case detection. Community‐based surveys were conducted each year to assess anaemia among children aged 5–59 months. In addition, community‐based malaria prevalence surveys were conducted each year on a representative sample of households during the main transmission season. Length of follow‐up: 119 weeks from September 2014 to January 2017 Adjustment for clustering: not reported |
| Participants |
Number of participants: 34,548 total Population characteristics: not reported Withdrawal and loss to follow‐up: not reported |
| Interventions |
The relevant comparison for this review is LLIN + IRS versus LLINs alone IRS: Active ingredient and dosage: propoxur 2 g/m² Formulation: 50% water‐dispersible powder Frequency of spraying: yearly Coverage: aimed for 80% coverage as per WHO recommendations Buffer size between clusters: not reported ITN: Active ingredient and dosage: deltamethrin 55 mg (PermaNet 2.0) Coverage: not reported Compliance: not reported Control: ITN only as above Cointerventions: none reported |
| Outcomes |
Primary: Malaria incidence Secondary: Anaemia in children Malaria prevalence Mosquito adult density Sporozoite rate Changes in insecticide resistance, both phenotype and genotype |
| Location profile |
Study location: study was carried out in the Adami Tullu part of the Adami Tullu‐Jiddo‐Kombolcha woreda in the East Shewa Zone of the Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia. The capital of the district, Zeway (or Batu), has a latitude and longitude of 7°56'N 38°42'E with an elevation of 1640 m above sea level. It is located approximately 160 km south of Addis Ababa. The district is set in the Great Rift Valley in south‐central Ethiopia, with altitudes ranging from 1500 m to 2300 m. For villages to be included in the trial, they had to have a relatively easy access, relatively higher malaria transmission, and located within 5 km from Lake Zeway. Malaria endemicity: seasonal and unstable. The main malaria transmission season occurs between September and December each year following the heavy rainfall between July and August, whereas the smaller peak occurs during May and June each year following small rains during March and April EIR: not reported Population proximity/density: not reported Plasmodium spp: P falciparum and P vivax |
| Vector profile |
Primary (and secondary) vector species:An arabiensis and An pharoensis Vector behaviour (nature, stability, adult habitat, peak biting times, exophilic/endophilic, exophagic/endophagic, anthropophilic/zoophilic): not reported Phenotypic resistance profile: not reported Genotypic resistance profile: not reported Method of mosquito collection: 16 villages (4 per arm) were randomly selected for entomological study, in which indoor host‐seeking mosquitoes were collected by CDC light traps from 4 houses per arm, indoor resting mosquitoes from 16 houses per arm using pyrethrum spray collection and outdoor resting mosquitoes from 4 artificial pit shelters per arm of the study. Phenotypic insecticide resistance was monitored annually throughout the study period using standard WHO tube tests. Insecticides used in this test were pyrethroids (deltamethrin, alphacypermethrin, permethrin, and lambdacyhalothrin) and the carbamates (bendiocarb and propoxur). Resistance intensity was quantified to assess any change in resistance. Molecular and biochemical analyses were used to identify potential insecticide resistance mechanisms. |
| Notes |