Table 1. General characteristics of the study population and the subgroups FGR and controls.
| Total (n = 194) | FGR (n = 22) | Control (n = 172) | Missing | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Maternal age at enrolment, years, mean±SD | 32.0 ± 4.9 | 30.2 ± 5.7 | 32.3 ± 4.8 | 4 | 0.42 |
| Nulliparity, n(%) | 85 (45.0) | 13 (68.4) | 72 (42.4) | 2 | 0.03 |
| Geographical origin, n (%) | |||||
| Dutch | 141 (75.0) | 15 (79.0) | 126 (75.0) | 3 | 0.52 |
| Other Western | 11 (5.9) | 0 (0) | 11 (6.5) | ||
| Non Western | 36 (19.1) | 4 (21.0) | 32 (18.9) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2, median (range) | 23.0 (15.2–43.4) | 22.9 (17.6–43.4) | 23.0 (15.2–39.7) | 12 | 0.72 |
| Educational level, n (%) | |||||
| low | 25 (13.3) | 4 (20.0) | 21 (12.4) | 3 | 0.02 |
| middle | 76 (40.4) | 12 (63.2) | 64 (37.9) | ||
| high | 87 (46.3) | 3 (15.8) | 84 (49.7) | ||
| Mode of conception, n(%) | |||||
| Spontaneous | 138 (71.9) | 19 (90.5) | 119 (69.6) | 1 | 0.05 |
| IVF/ICSI | 54 (28.1) | 2 (9.5) | 52 (30.4) | ||
| Folic acid supplement use, n(%) | |||||
| preconceptional initiation | 128 (71.5) | 10 (66.7) | 118 (72.0) | 8 | 0.80 |
| postconceptional initiation | 49 (27.4) | 5 (33.3) | 44 (28.0) | ||
| Periconceptional smoking, n(%) | 31 (16.6) | 3 (15.8) | 28 (16.7) | 4 | 0.92 |
| Periconceptional alcohol use, n(%) | 50 (26.9) | 4 (21.1) | 46 (27.5) | 5 | 0.55 |
| Neonatal characteristics | |||||
| Birthweight, grams, median (range) | 3190 (400–4380) | 1400 (400–2900) | 3285 (665–4380) | 2 | <0.01 |
| Gestational age at birth, days, median (range) | 272 (182–292) | 241 (185–276) | 273 (182–292) | 2 | <0.01 |
| Gender, male (%) | 98 (50.5) | 11 (50) | 87 (50.6) | 0 | 0.82 |
General characteristics of the study population and the subgroups fetal growth restriction and controls. Data is presented as median and range or number (n) and percentage (%). Significant differences are in bold font. FGR, fetal growth restriction; BMI, body mass index in kilograms/square meter; IVF/ICSI, in vitro fertilization/intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection.