Table 2. Associations between FGR and longitudinal brain fissure depth measurements using linear mixed models.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | P | β | 95% CI | P | β | 95% CI | P | ||
| Sylvian Left | FGR | -2.788 | -6.496; 0.919 | 0.140 | -0.607 | -4.423; 3.209 | 0.755 | -0.544 | -4.387; 3.299 | 0.781 |
| FGR * GA | 0.004 | -0.136; 0.023 | 0.627 | 0.001 | -0.018; 0.020 | 0.913 | 0.001 | -0.018; 0.019 | 0.948 | |
| Sex male | 0.468 | - | 0.010 | 0.151 | - | 0.325 | 0.113 | - | 0.473 | |
| Education low | 1.650 | - | 0.266 | 0.087 | - | 0.711 | 0.034 | - | 0.890 | |
| Education middle | 1.445 | - | 0.326 | -0.104 | - | 0.525 | -0.092 | - | 0.582 | |
| Parity | -0.082 | - | 0.658 | -0.168 | - | 0.271 | -0.130 | - | 0.410 | |
| CPR | 0.322 | - | 0.097 | - | - | - | -0.134 | - | 0.490 | |
| HC | 0.077 | - | <0.01 | 0.070 | - | <0.01 | 0.072 | - | <0.01 | |
| Sylvian Right | FGR | -4.307 | -7.894; -0.720 | 0.019 | -4.296 | -8.030; -0.562 | 0.024 | -4.486 | -8.182; -0.790 | 0.017 |
| FGR * GA | 0.0128 | -0.005; 0.030 | 0.151 | 0.019 | 0.001; 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.021 | 0.003; 0.039 | 0.025 | |
| Sex male | 0.368 | - | 0.027 | 0.131 | - | 0.352 | 0.118 | - | 0.398 | |
| Education low | 3.965 | - | <0.01 | 0.147 | - | 0.497 | 0.184 | - | 0.399 | |
| Education middle | 3.959 | - | <0.01 | 0.091 | - | 0.541 | 0.084 | - | 0.572 | |
| Parity | 0.172 | - | 0.297 | 0.100 | - | 0.477 | 0.027 | - | 0.849 | |
| CPR | 0.594 | - | <0.01 | - | - | - | 0.157 | - | 0.383 | |
| HC | 0.066 | - | <0.01 | 0.058 | - | <0.01 | 0.056 | - | <0.01 | |
| Insula Left | FGR | -0.685 | -4.142; 2.772 | 0.697 | 0.343 | -3.296; 3.982 | 0.853 | 0.380 | -3.282; 4.042 | 0.838 |
| FGR * GA | -0.002 | -0.019; 0.015 | 0.796 | -0.004 | -0.022; 0.014 | 0.680 | -0.004 | -0.022; 0.014 | 0.688 | |
| Sex male | 0.532 | - | <0.01 | 0.402 | - | <0.01 | 0.413 | - | <0.01 | |
| Education low | 2.486 | - | 0.042 | -0.134 | - | 0.474 | -0.131 | - | 0.502 | |
| Education middle | 2.558 | - | 0.035 | 0.005 | - | 0.967 | -0.007 | - | 0.960 | |
| Parity | 0.027 | - | 0.840 | 0.024 | - | 0.843 | -0.019 | - | 0.877 | |
| CPR | 0.463 | - | <0.01 | - | - | - | 0.155 | - | 0.394 | |
| HC | 0.042 | - | <0.01 | 0.031 | - | <0.01 | 0.030 | - | <0.01 | |
| Insula Right | FGR | 0.744 | -3.051; 4.539 | 0.700 | 1.944 | -2.063; 5.952 | 0.341 | 1.981 | -2.060; 6.023 | 0.336 |
| FGR * GA | -0.007 | -0.026; 0.011 | 0.444 | -0.008 | -0.028; 0.011 | 0.411 | -0.008 | -0.028; 0.012 | 0.415 | |
| Sex male | 0.330 | - | 0.024 | 0.143 | - | 0.309 | 0.148 | - | 0.305 | |
| Education low | 2.567 | - | 0.055 | 0.242 | - | 0.261 | 0.220 | - | 0.330 | |
| Education middle | 2.234 | - | 0.077 | 0.011 | - | 0.940 | -0.022 | - | 0.888 | |
| Parity | -0.259 | - | 0.081 | -0.253 | - | 0.068 | -0.225 | - | 0.122 | |
| CPR | 0.368 | - | 0.046 | - | - | - | 0.108 | - | 0.585 | |
| HC | 0.048 | - | <0.01 | 0.052 | - | <0.01 | 0.051 | - | <0.01 | |
| POF Left | FGR | -2.602 | -7.469; 2.264 | 0.294 | -0.392 | -5.689; 4.904 | 0.884 | -0.342 | -5.680; 5.000 | 0.900 |
| FGR * GA | 0.004 | -0.020; 0.028 | 0.744 | -0.001 | -0.027; 0.025 | 0.954 | -0.001 | -0.027; 0.025 | 0.946 | |
| Sex male | 0.226 | - | 0.261 | 0.015 | - | 0.940 | -0.016 | - | 0.937 | |
| Education low | 2.285 | - | 0.172 | -0.315 | - | 0.295 | -0.358 | - | 0.259 | |
| Education middle | 2.711 | - | 0.102 | 0.075 | - | 0.714 | 0.071 | - | 0.739 | |
| Parity | 0.146 | - | 0.469 | 0.125 | - | 0.514 | 0.094 | - | 0.739 | |
| CPR | 0.743 | - | <0.01 | - | - | - | 0.166 | - | 0.513 | |
| HC | 0.063 | - | <0.01 | 0.052 | - | <0.01 | 0.049 | - | <0.01 | |
| POF Right | FGR | 0.247 | -5.023; 5.517 | 0.927 | 3.357 | -2.248; 8.961 | 0.240 | 3.171 | -2.469; 8.811 | 0.270 |
| FGR * GA | -0.012 | -0.038; 0.013 | 0.346 | -0.022 | -0.050; 0.006 | 0.117 | -0.021 | -0.049; 0.007 | 0.139 | |
| Sex male | 0.327 | - | 0.125 | 0.138 | - | 0.493 | -0.107 | - | 0.519 | |
| Education low | 5.045 | - | <0.01 | -0.336 | - | 0.272 | -0.295 | - | 0.353 | |
| Education middle | 5.515 | - | <0.01 | 0.155 | - | 0.464 | 0.177 | - | 0.413 | |
| Parity | 0.296 | - | 0.164 | 0.262 | - | 0.185 | 0.193 | - | 0.346 | |
| CPR | 0.840 | - | <0.01 | - | - | - | 0.287 | - | 0.271 | |
| HC | 0.066 | - | <0.01 | 0.044 | - | <0.01 | 0.039 | - | <0.01 |
Model 1 = Fissure = GA+ GA2 + covariate of interest
Model 2 = Multivariate: Fissure = GA + GA2 + Case + Case * GA + gender + education (low/middle) + parity + HC
Model 3 = Model 2 + CPR
Significant results are in bold. Model 1 represents the crude models investigating all covariates separately, model 2 is the multivariate model adjusted for educational level, parity, fetal gender and HC, model 3 is the multivariate model also adjusted for CPR. ß, beta value; 95%CI, ninety-five percent confidence interval; P, p-value; FGR, fetal growth restriction; GA, gestational age; POF, parieto-occipital fissure; HC, head circumference; CPR, cerebro-placental ratio.