Figure 2.

A schematic of a category-conditioning paradigm. Basic-level exemplars from two different object categories (here, animals and tools) serve as trial-unique (i.e., non-repeating) conditioned stimuli in the framework of a conditioning paradigm. Exemplars can be presented before, during, or after conditioning with traditional measures to evaluate conditioning, such as skin conductance, fear-potentiated startle, and threat expectancy ratings. After learning, an episodic memory test could include CS+ and CS− exemplars encoded before, during, and after conditioning, as well as category-related foils (e.g., different animals or tools that were not presented during learning). An example of memory performance (corrected recognition) showing better memory for items from the CS+ than CS− category encoded before, during, and after conditioning.