Table 3. Predictors of vital status at 90 days, stratified by indication for TIPS.
| Variceal Bleeding | Refractory Ascites | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alive at 90 days (n = 179) |
Died by 90 days (n = 69) |
P value | Alive at 90 days (n = 121) |
Died by 90 days (n = 44) |
P value | |
| Age (years) | 55 ± 12.2 | 56 ± 11.7 | 0.50 | 57 ± 9.9 | 61 ± 10.5 | 0.01 |
| Female sex (%) | 53 (30%) | 14 (20%) | 0.14 | 41 (33%) | 15 (36%) | 0.71 |
| White race (%) | 152 (85%) | 51 (74%) | 0.06 | 106 (86%) | 33 (80%) | 0.45 |
| Non-Hispanic ethnicity (%) | 175 (98%) | 65 (95%) | 0.16 | 117 (94%) | 39 (95%) | 0.85 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 46 (26%) | 16 (24%) | 0.76 | 42 (34%) | 14 (37%) | 0.76 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 23 (13%) | 18 (28%) | 0.008 | 32 (26%) | 11 (29%) | 0.72 |
| Etiology of cirrhosis (%) | — | — | 0.17 | — | — | 0.84 |
| Prior complications of liver disease (%) | ||||||
| Pre-TIPS encephalopathy | 49 (29%) | 23 (35%) | 0.38 | 45 (38%) | 18 (49%) | 0.27 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 163 (95%) | 61 (92%) | 0.38 | 46 (39%) | 17 (42%) | 0.67 |
| Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis | 6 (4%) | 7 (11%) | 0.05 | 27 (23%) | 7 (18%) | 0.56 |
| Laboratory values | ||||||
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 139 ± 4.4 | 140 ± 5.5 | 0.08 | 134 ± 5.0 | 134 ± 6.7 | 0.83 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 ± 0.52 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | 1.4 ± 0.89 | 1.9 ± 1.01 | 0.006 |
| White blood count (K/uL) | 8.0 ± 5.03 | 9.6 ± 6.03 | 0.06 | 6.5 ± 3.21 | 7.7 ± 4.96 | 0.15 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.3 ± 1.51 | 9.6 ± 1.76 | 0.002 | 10.2 ± 1.72 | 9.9 ± 1.26 | 0.18 |
| Platelets (K/uL) | 97 ± 48.5 | 87 ± 55.0 | 0.14 | 122 ± 75.7 | 103 ± 76.9 | 0.16 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 2.6 ± 0.56 | 2.5 ± 0.55 | 0.05 | 2.9 ± 0.55 | 2.8 ± 0.62 | 0.24 |
| International normalized ratio (INR) | 1.4 ± 0.35 | 1.7 ± 0.39 | <0.001 | 1.5 ± 0.34 | 1.6 ± 0.51 | 0.09 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 3.1 ± 4.10 | 9.0 ± 9.73 | <0.001 | 2.1 ± 2.05 | 5.4 ± 7.47 | 0.007 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 123 ± 231.3 | 474 ± 1599.9 | 0.07 | 91 ± 151.0 | 115 ± 162.9 | 0.38 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 64 ± 129.9 | 153 ± 470.3 | 0.13 | 50 ± 82.5 | 71 ± 107.7 | 0.23 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 111 ± 82.6 | 117 ± 121.1 | 0.72 | 146 ± 110.3 | 145 ± 85.8 | 0.95 |
| TIPS procedural characteristics | ||||||
| Emergent placement (%) | 33 (18%) | 28 (41%) | <0.001 | — | — | — |
| Pre-TIPS portosystemic gradient (mm Hg) | 18 ± 9.1 | 20 ± 7.4 | 0.09 | 17 ± 4.9 | 18 ± 5.8 | 0.58 |
| Post-TIPS portosystemic gradient (mm Hg) | 7 ± 3.9 | 7 ± 3.8 | 0.81 | 7 ± 2.9 | 7 ± 3.3 | 0.76 |
| Reduction in portosystemic gradient (mm Hg) | 11 ± 7.6 | 13 ± 6.7 | 0.06 | 10 ± 4.8 | 11 ± 4.5 | 0.32 |
| Covered stent (%) | 111 (62%) | 35 (51%) | 0.10 | 85 (71%) | 23 (53%) | 0.04 |
| Diameter of final TIPS dilation (mm) | 9.8 ± 1.19 | 10.0 ± 0.87 | 0.22 | 9.9 ± 1.15 | 9.9 ± 0.68 | 0.75 |
| Liver Disease Prediction Models | ||||||
| MELD score | 12 ± 6.5 | 22 ± 8.1 | <0.001 | 14 ± 5.9 | 20 ± 9.5 | <0.001 |
| MELD-Na score | 14 ± 6.4 | 23 ± 7.8 | <0.001 | 18 ± 5.7 | 24 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
| CLIF-C ACLF score | 39 ± 7.2 | 44 ± 8.1 | <0.001 | 39 ± 5.5 | 44 ± 7.8 | <0.001 |
| Child-Pugh score | 8.3 ± 1.92 | 9.8 ± 1.93 | <0.001 | 9.9 ± 1.86 | 10.8 ± 1.67 | 0.01 |
| Platelet-Albumin-Bilirubin score | -2.5 ± 0.65 | -1.8 ± 0.69 | <0.001 | -2.7 ± 0.65 | -2.3 ± 0.77 | 0.001 |
| Emory Score | 1.2 ± 1.24 | 2.3 ± 1.40 | <0.001 | 0.7 ± 0.76 | 1.1 ± 0.83 | 0.01 |
Continuous variables are displayed as mean ± standard deviation. See Table 1 for variables with missing data.
Key: TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt), MELD (Model for End Stage Liver Disease), CLIF-C ACLF (Chronic Liver Failure Consortium Organ Failure Acute on Chronic Liver Failure Score