Table 4.

Clinical areas and types of surgical intervention in which gesture-based commercial off-the-shelf devices were used.

Clinical areas	Types of surgical intervention	Studies
General surgery (N=7)	Intraoperative image control, image-guided minimally invasive surgery (adrenalectomy, pancreatectomy, liver resection, a Whipple procedure, as well as liver and pancreatic cancer and renal carcinoma resection), open and laparoscopic bile duct surgery, cholecystectomy, and hepatectomy and nephrectomy in an animal model.	[13,52-57]
Interventional radiology and angiography (N=7)	Arterial dilatation with balloon and umbrella devices, hepatic arterial chemoembolization and selective internal radiation therapy, abdominal computed tomography, and interventional neuroradiology.	[58-64]
Neurosurgery (N=7)	Biopsies, resection of brain gliomas, resection of a meningioma, ventriculostomy, and intraoperative image control.	[26,65-70]
Plastic surgery (N=3)	Measurement of breast implant volumes and measurement of distances on the breast surface.	[71-73]
Orthopedics (N=3)	Intraoperative image control.	[55,74,75]
Ear, nose, and throat (N=1)	Laryngoplasty.	[76]
Urology (N=2)	Enucleation of renal tumors and intraoperative image control.	[30,54]