Table 1.
Mean Differences in SES, Maternal Psychopathology, and Parenting Between Birth Homes and Adoptive Homes
| Birth Homes | Adoptive Homes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mothers | M | SD | M | SD | Mean difference (95% CL) | t | Std. Error | p value |
| SES | ||||||||
| Household income | 2.34 | 1.30 | 6.16 | 1.30 | 3.81 (3.48~4.14) | 22.58 | 0.17 | <.0001 |
| Educational attainment | 3.11 | 1.33 | 5.84 | 1.20 | 2.73 (2.38~3.07) | 15.70 | 0.17 | <.0001 |
| Maternal psychopathology | ||||||||
| Depressive symptoms | 6.98 | 6.91 | 4.53 | 4.76 | −2.41 (−4.27~−0.55) | −2.57 | 0.94 | 0.009 |
| Anxiety symptoms | 6.12 | 6.24 | 4.92 | 5.61 | −1.24 (−3.30~0.82) | −1.12 | 0.90 | 0.235 |
| Maternal parenting | ||||||||
| Harsh parenting | 1.27 | 1.35 | 0.80 | 1.13 | 0.49 (−0.83~−0.15) | −2.85 | 0.17 | 0.005 |
| Guidance | 6.06 | 2.49 | 7.79 | 2.92 | 1.82 (0.93~2.72) | 4.18 | 0.44 | <.0001 |
| Limit setting | 1.97 | 1.76 | 1.97 | 1.94 | −0.18 (−0.76~0.40) | −0.62 | 0.28 | 0.539 |
| Ineffective parenting | 3.63 | 1.98 | 4.00 | 2.38 | 0.39 (−0.24~1.00) | 1.23 | 0.31 | 0.224 |
| Fathersa | ||||||||
| SES | ||||||||
| Household income | 2.67 | 1.51 | 6.28 | 1.30 | ||||
| Educational attainment | 2.88 | 1.39 | 5.56 | 1.55 | ||||
| Paternal psychopathology | ||||||||
| Depressive symptoms | 4.19 | 6.17 | 3.69 | 4.67 | ||||
| Anxiety symptoms | 5.26 | 6.27 | 3.55 | 4.67 | ||||
| Paternal parenting | ||||||||
| Harsh parenting | 1.47 | 1.57 | 0.67 | 0.99 | ||||
| Guidance | 6.16 | 2.59 | 7.43 | 2.89 | ||||
| Limit setting | 5.74 | 3.18 | 1.66 | 1.74 | ||||
| Ineffective parenting | 3.89 | 1.79 | 3.88 | 2.58 | ||||
Note. The means, standard deviations, and percentages presented here are based on the preimputed data. Inferential statistics are based on multiply imputed data to deal with missing cases.
a
Fathers’ data are for the descriptive purpose only; no inferential statistics was computed due to the small sample size of birth fathers (n = 19 for KIDVID).