. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2019 Mar 7;55(6):1164–1181. doi: 10.1037/dev0000701

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics and associations among study variables

		Descriptive Statistics			Correlations
					Genetic Risk		Prenatal Risk		Postnatal Parenting		Behavior Problems
		N	Mean	SD	Ext	Int	SDP	ADP	Warm	Host	Earlier Child Ext
Genetic Risk	Externalizing	552	0.00	1.64	1
Genetic Risk	Internalizing	552	0.00	1.92	0.35^*	1
Prenatal Risk	Smoking	534	3.40	5.55	0.36^*	0.26^*	1
Prenatal Risk	Alcohol	532	0.67	3.18	0.08	0.03	0.05	1
Postnatal Parenting	Warmth	408	39.45	2.74	−0.01	0.03	0.04	0.01	1
Postnatal Parenting	Hostility	408	11.72	3.01	0.01	0.02	0.07	−0.02	−0.30^*	1
Behavior Problems	Earlier Child Ext	410	14.72	7.12	0.04	0.10^*	0.15^*	−0.05	−0.21^*	0.49^*	1
Behavior Problems	Conduct	393	0.71	0.99	−0.02	−0.08	0.13^*	0.01	−0.09	0.21^*	0.37^*

Table note. Means and standard deviations (SD) are presented for the un-centered variables here, although mean-centered versions were included in regression models. Ext = externalizing; Int = internalizing; SDP = exposure to smoking during pregnancy; ADP = alcohol use during pregnancy; Warm = warmth; Host = hostility.

p < .05.