Fig. 3.

The ecological strategy space for mammals and birds under 100-year extinction scenarios. The dashed horizontal line indicates the observed ecological strategy space (hypervolume). For both scenarios we include jittered points for each of the 999 replicates, violins of data density and a central thick line of the mean. Due to the stochastic nature of the hypervolume algorithm³², the ecological strategy space may increase as species are removed. 1095 mammal and bird species are lost under both the projected and randomized extinction scenarios, reflecting the probabilistic extinctions based on the IUCN threat categories (Methods). Source data are provided as a Source Data file