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. 2019 May 23;9:7768. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44283-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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IN activity following prolonged exposures to “environmental” UV radiation (UV-A + UV-B) (right panel) and to UV-C (254 nm) radiation (left panel). For the “environmental” UV, when compared to non-irradiated controls (“0 min”), the concentration of cumulative ice nuclei (IN) per cell at −5 °C of P. syringae pv. syringae 281 exposed for two hours suffered no significant change, while P. syringae pv. garcae 158 samples exhibited an up to 10-fold reduction. The IN of P. syringae pv. syringae 281 exposed to 10,000 J/m² of UV-C remained stable when compared to non-irradiated controls (“0 J/m²”). P. syringae pv. garcae 158, instead, was reduced by about 20-fold. Error bars denote standard deviations of the means (n = 7 for 281 and n = 5 for 158 for the “environmental” UV experiments, n = 6 for 281 and n = 7 for 158 for the UV-C experiments). Based on the Mann-Whitney U test, significantly different values are marked as *(p < 0.05) and non-significant differences as “ns”.