Cytokine expression in the liver of mice exposed to a GWI exposure model. Mice were exposed daily to PB (2 mg/kg/day, s.c.)/DEET (20 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 14 days. Starting on day 8, the mice were administered CORT (200 mg/L) in the drinking water for 7 days followed by a single injection of DFP (4 mg/kg, i.p.) on day 15. TNFα, IL-6, CCL2, IL-1β, LIF, OSM, and IL-10 mRNA levels were measured in the liver of mice 2, 6, 12, and 72 h following DFP (or saline) exposure. Data represents mean fold change ± SEM (n = 4–5 mice/group). Statistical significance of at least p ≤ 0.05 is denoted by a as compared to saline (within pretreatment group), b DFP vs CORT + DFP (within pretreatment group), c as compared within exposure (without PB/DEET vs. with PB/DEET), d for a main effect of PB/DEET pretreatment, and e for a significant interaction between pretreatment and exposure.