Figure 2.

Mitochondrial roles and post-translational modifications of mitochondrial dynamic proteins. Mitochondria are involved in several cellular processes other than ATP production, such as calcium (Ca²⁺) buffering, phospholipid biosynthesis, iron-sulfur clusters (Fe-S) assembly from iron (Fe²⁺), regulation of programmed cell death via cytochrome c (Cytc c) release, and mitophagy. Mitochondrial proteins known for their role in mitochondrial dynamics, such as Drp1, Mfn1/2, and Opa1, are a target for several post-translational modifications, which differently regulate their level and, hence, function. Drp1, on the OMM, can be modified by sumoylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, and S-nitrosylation. Mitofusins, also on the OMM, can be a target for phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, or acetylation. Opa1, in the IMM, can suffer processing or be modified through acetylation.