. 2019 May 23;15:166. doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1917-6

Table 4.

Relative mRNA levels of MyoD, Myogenin, IFG-1, GH, PAX7 and PCNA in the muscle tissues on embryonic days (ED) 12 and 18 in broiler chicks subjected to different thermal manipulation protocols during embryonic life (ED12–18)

ED	Parametrs	Groups
ED	Parametrs	Control	TM₁	TM₂	TM₃	TM₄
ED12	MyoD	1 ± 0.01^a	1.11 ± 0.02^b	1.14 ± 0.03^b	1.02 ± 0.03^a	1.63 ± 0.07^c
	Myogenin	1 ± 0.01^a	1.38 ± 0.03^b	1.68 ± 0.06^c	0.94 ± 0.02^d	1.16 ± 0.04^e
	IGF-1	1 ± 0.01^a	0.86 ± 0.02^b	0.92 ± 0.03^b	1.18 ± 0.01^c	1.55 ± 0.08^d
	GH	1 ± 0.05^a	8.90 ± 0.04^b	15.8 ± 0.05^c	1.47 ± 0.04^d	1.03 ± 0.05^a
	PAX7	1 ± 0.01^a	0.85 ± 0.02^b	0.92 ± 0.04^b	0.79 ± 0.02^b	1.38 ± 0.04^c
	PCNA	1 ± 0.01^a	1.07 ± 0.02^a	1.11 ± 0.01^b	0.99 ± 0.02^a	1.19 ± 0.03^b
ED18	MyoD	1 ± 0.02^a	1.59 ± 0.02^b	1.85 ± 0.03^b	1.88 ± 0.03^b	2.31 ± 0.07^c
	Myogenin	1 ± 0.11^a	2.57 ± 0.53^b	4.05 ± 0.16^c	2.79 ± 0.12^b	21.9 ± 0.44^d
	IGF-1	1 ± 0.01^a	1.29 ± 0.02^b	1.72 ± 0.03^c	1.37 ± 0.01^b	1.85 ± 0.05^d
	GH	1 ± 0.05^a	4.11 ± 0.04^b	18.60 ± 0.05^c	4.63 ± 0.04^b	5.33 ± 0.25^d
	PAX7	1 ± 0.03^a	1.43 ± 0.02^b	1.21 ± 0.04^c	1.40 ± 0.02^b	2.18 ± 0.07^d
	PCNA	1 ± 0.06^a	2.93 ± 0.02^b	3.96 ± 0.19^c	2.12 ± 0.10^b	2.50 ± 0.10^b

TM: Thermal manipulation; ED: embryonic day; MyoD: Myogenic differentiation gene; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; GH: Growth hormone; Pax7: Paired box transcription factor; PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

^a-e Within the same row, means ± SD with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05)