. 2019 May 23;15:166. doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1917-6

Table 5.

Relative mRNA levels of MyoD, Myogenin, IFG-1, GH, PAX7 and PCNA in the muscle tissues at days 1, 3, 5, 7 post hatch in broiler chicks subjected to different thermal manipulation protocols during embryonic life (ED12–18)

Post-Hatch days	Parameters	Groups
Post-Hatch days	Parameters	Control	TM₁	TM₂	TM₃	TM₄
Day 1	MyoD	1 ± 0.01^a	1.80 ± 0.03^b	1.13 ± 0.02^a	3.46 ± 0.06^c	1.25 ± 0.02^d
	Myogenin	1 ± 0.01^a	0.89 ± 0.02^a	0.25 ± 0.02^b	0.71 ± 0.02^c	0.69 ± 0.02^c
	IGF-1	1 ± 0.01^a	0.63 ± 0.02^b	0.44 ± 0.03^b	0.39 ± 0.01^b	0.62 ± 0.03^b
	GH	1 ± 0.02^a	1.26 ± 0.01^b	1.15 ± 0.01^c	1.15 ± 0.04^c	1.09 ± 0.01^c
	PAX7	1 ± 0.01^a	1.82 ± 0.01^b	1.40 ± 0.06^c	1.91 ± 0.07^b	1.21 ± 0.07^c
	PCNA	1 ± 0.01^a	0.65 ± 0.02^b	0.55 ± 0.02^b	0.40 ± 0.02^b	0.31 ± 0.02^b
Day 3	MyoD	1 ± 0.01^a	2.46 ± 0.03^b	0.82 ± 0.02^a	0.65 ± 0.02^a	1.22 ± 0.02^a
	Myogenin	1 ± 0.01^a	2.05 ± 0.03^b	1.28 ± 0.03^a	0.59 ± 0.02^a	1.46 ± 0.01^a
	IGF-1	1 ± 0.01^a	2.47 ± 0.06^b	0.63 ± 0.03^d	0.65 ± 0.03^d	1.56 ± 0.03^c
	GH	1 ± 0.02^a	1.73 ± 0.06^b	1.01 ± 0.01^a	0.04 ± 0.04^c	1.55 ± 0.01^b
	PAX7	1 ± 0.02^a	3.29 ± 0.04^b	1.55 ± 0.01^c	1.46 ± 0.02^c	1.99 ± 0.02^c
	PCNA	1 ± 0.03^a	3.18 ± 0.09^b	1.05 ± 0.01^a	1.03 ± 0.02^a	1.63 ± 0.05^c
Day 5	MyoD	1 ± 0.02^a	0.95 ± 0.03^a	0.79 ± 0.03^a	0.35 ± 0.02^b	0.13 ± 0.01^b
	Myogenin	1 ± 0.06^a	1.45 ± 0.02^a	3.49 ± 0.23^b	4.36 ± 0.19^c	10.54 ± 0.27^d
	IGF-1	1 ± 0.02 ^a	1.33 ± 0.05^a	0.64 ± 0.03^a	0.34 ± 0.01^b	0.15 ± 0.01^b
	GH	1 ± 0.03^a	1.37 ± 0.06^a	6.77 ± 0.02^b	7.27 ± 0.02^c	8.50 ± 0.07^d
	PAX7	1 ± 0.03^a	1.11 ± 0.04^b	1.51 ± 0.02^b	1.17 ± 0.01^b	1.15 ± 0.03^b
	PCNA	1 ± 0.09^a	1.33 ± 0.04^a	1.31 ± 0.02^a	1.69 ± 0.06^b	5.01 ± 0.13^c
Day 7	MyoD	1 ± 0.04^a	1.46 ± 0.11^a	1.10 ± 0.03^a	1.12 ± 0.04^a	2.09 ± 0.06^b
	Myogenin	1 ± 0.01^a	2.04 ± 0.22^b	1.28 ± 0.05^a	0.05 ± 0.19^d	4.63 ± 0.19^c
	IGF-1	1 ± 0.07^a	1.54 ± 0.11^b	1.70 ± 0.05^b	1.65 ± 0.03^b	0.14 ± 0.02^c
	GH	1 ± 0.01^a	2.44 ± 0.15^b	1.37 ± 0.07^a	1.02 ± 0.20^a	5.80 ± 0.10^d
	PAX7	1 ± 0.03	1.01 ± 0.06	1.18 ± 0.05	1.01 ± 0.01	1.01 ± 0.03
	PCNA	1 ± 0.03^a	1.65 ± 0.06^b	1.28 ± 0.05^b	1.01 ± 0.06^a	2.56 ± 0.20^c

TM: Thermal manipulation; MyoD: Myogenic differentiation gene; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; GH: Growth hormone; Pax7: Paired box transcription factor; PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen. ^a-d Within the same row, means ± SD with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05)