Table 3.
Means, standard deviations, skewness, kurtosis, Cronbach’s α, and inter-item correlations.
| German version | French version | English version | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | Skew | Kurt | α (rii) | M | SD | Skew | Kurt | α (rii) | M | SD | Skew | Kurt | α (rii) | |
| QTO | 2.26 | 0.98 | 0.55 – 0.79 | -0.45 – -0.17 | 0.85 | 2.60 | 1.00 | 0.10 – 0.58 | -0.77 – -0.57 | 0.84 | 2.64 | 1.1 | -0.06 – 0.53 | -1.09 – -0.72 | 0.85 |
| QLO | 1.73 | 0.75 | 1.16 – 1.23 | 1.33 – 1.53 | 0.84 | 2.17 | 0.92 | 0.46 – 0.92 | -0.46 – 0.40 | 0.85 | 2.17 | 1.07 | 0.66 – 0.86 | -0.60 – -0.16 | 0.90 |
| COV | 3.52 | 0.95 | -0.65 – -0.23 | -0.71 – -0.09 | 0.85 | 3.71 | 0.90 | -0.88 – -0.46 | -0.64 – 0.88 | 0.79 | 3.78 | 0.98 | -0.98 – -0.67 | -0.24 – 0.80 | 0.85 |
| CON | 4.08 | 0.86 | -1.05 – 1.02 | 0.89 – 0.96 | (0.69) | 4.08 | 0.96 | -1.21 – -1.18 | 1.01 – 1.03 | (0.71) | 3.97 | 0.97 | -1.10 – -0.87 | -0.01 – 0.62 | (0.56) |
| PAR | 3.54 | 0.91 | -0.52 – -0.41 | 0.47 – -0.08 | 0.84 | 3.65 | 0.98 | -0.86 – -0.54 | -0.62 – 0.26 | 0.82 | 3.71 | 1.0 | -0.76 – -0.54 | -0.71 – -0.02 | 0.84 |
| TRU | 4.13 | 0.88 | -1.17 – -1.03 | 0.88 – 1.22 | (0.78) | 4.02 | 0.93 | -1.22 – -1.15 | 1.20 – 1.51 | (0.78) | 4.22 | 0.86 | -1.25 – -1.07 | 0.61 – 1.47 | (0.77) |
| ISI | 3.53 | 0.94 | -0.65 – -0.40 | -0.39 – -0.27 | 0.82 | 3.30 | 0.98 | -0.60 – -0.25 | -0.75 – -0.41 | 0.80 | 3.58 | 1.03 | -0.73 – 0.05 | -0.90 – -0.02 | 0.77 |
| CTR | 3.46 | 0.98 | -0.53 – -0.47 | -0.42 – -0.20 | 0.91 | 3.46 | 0.98 | -0.68 – -0.39 | -0.42 – -0.12 | 0.86 | 3.74 | 1.02 | -0.61 – -0.45 | -0.59 – -0.27 | 0.94 |
| REF | 3.34 | 1.08 | -0.46 – -0.27 | -0.69 – -0.55 | (0.76) | 3.28 | 1.06 | -0.37 – -0.33 | -0.74 – -0.59 | (0.73) | 3.63 | 1.06 | -0.62 – -0.51 | -0.38 – -0.37 | (0.79) |
| CMA | 3.50 | 1.11 | -0.55 – -0.49 | -0.74 – -0.40 | (0.73) | 3.10 | 1.18 | -0.32 – -0.16 | -0.98 – -0.93 | (0.78) | 3.44 | 1.1 | -0.46 – -0.31 | -0.77 – -0.56 | (0.76) |
| COO | 3.60 | 1.08 | -0.61 – -0.57 | -0.36 – -0.27 | (0.88) | 3.30 | 1.17 | -0.42 – -0.38 | -0.74 – -0.62 | (0.85) | 3.72 | 1.05 | -0.65 – -0.59 | -0.30 – -0.23 | (0.83) |
| CSU | 2.68 | 1.12 | -0.35 – -0.09 | -0.85 – -0.76 | (0.78) | 2.90 | 1.15 | -0.10 – 0.05 | -1.01 – -0.99 | (0.68) | 3.37 | 1.13 | -0.44 – -0.26 | -0.82 – -0.62 | (0.77) |
| INF | 3.58 | 0.93 | -0.79 – -0.25 | -0.50 – 0.08 | 0.84 | 3.46 | 0.96 | -0.82 – -0.41 | -0.57 – 0.26 | 0.84 | 3.66 | 1.02 | -0.73 – -0.08 | -0.56 – -0.19 | 0.82 |
| CAR | 3.17 | 1.12 | -0.42 – -0.12 | -0.96 – -0.63 | (0.74) | 3.04 | 1.12 | -0.24 – -0.13 | -1.01 – -0.75 | (0.67) | 3.56 | 1.1 | -0.44 – -0.38 | -0.75 – -0.50 | (0.82) |
| DL | 2.00 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.27 | (0.64) | 2.39 | 0.91 | 0.45 | -0.28 | (0.79) | 2.41 | 1.02 | 0.41 | -0.72 | (0.77) |
| DoL | 3.81 | 0.77 | -0.76 | 0.61 | 0.87 | 3.86 | 0.80 | -1.03 | 1.09 | 0.87 | 3.92 | 0.81 | -0.73 | 0.11 | 0.86 |
| SoL | 3.36 | 0.86 | -0.45 | -0.25 | 0.93 | 3.23 | 0.87 | -0.53 | -0.04 | 0.92 | 3.59 | 0.90 | -0.56 | -0.09 | 0.94 |
QTO, quantitative overload; QLO, qualitative overload; COV, complexity/variability; CON, control; PAR, participation; TRU, trust in employees’ abilities; ISI, instrumental support/information; CTR, clarity/transparency; REF, recognition/feedback; CMA, conflict management; COO, cooperation; CSU, career support; INF, integrity/fairness; CAR, care; DL, demanding leadership; DoL, development-oriented leadership; SoL, support-oriented leadership. Means (M), standard deviations (SD), (range of) skewness (skew), and kurtosis (kurt), Cronbach’s α, and inter-item correlations (rii). German version sample: N = 2,242; French version sample: N = 386; English version sample: N = 306.