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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 24.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2019 May 24;124(11):1618–1632. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.313682

Figure 1. Myocyte signaling approaches for the treatment of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Figure 1.

Individual therapeutic approaches are identified in the figure by the dark blue boxes. Abbreviations are: miRNA, micro ribonucleic acid; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; lncRNA, long noncoding ribonucleic acid; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; TSC2, tuberous sclerosis complex-2; mTORC1, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; 4EBP-1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase; eIF4E, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E; S6, ribosomal protein S6; ULK, UNC-51 like kinase; NO, nitric oxide; NP, natriuretic peptide; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; sGC, soluble guanylate cyclase; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; PDE, phosphodiesterase; PKG, protein kinase G; PKC, protein kinase C; PKD, protein kinase D; SH, thiol modification; S-S, disulfide; DAG, diacylglycerol; HNO, nitroxyl; β-AR, β-adrenergic receptor; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; GRK2, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2; PKA, protein kinase A; PLN, phospholamban; SERCA, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase; FOXO, forkhead box O; SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum; RyR, ryanodine receptor; LTCC, L-type calcium channel; CAMKII, calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II; CaM, calmodulin; ACE-I, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; APL-agonist, apelin agonist; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; GSK3-β, glycogen synthase kinase 3-β; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinase; SRF, serum response factor; MEF2, myocyte enhancer factor 2; HDAC, histone deacetylase; GATA4, GATA binding protein 4; NFκB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; RNA pol, RNA polymerase; SGL-T2 inhibitors, sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors; PPAR-α, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; JAK, janus kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; Gsα, stimulatory G protein α-subunit, Gqα, G protein-q α-subunit; PLC, Phospholipase C; P, phosphorylation modification; ROS, reactive oxygen species. (Illustration Credit: Ben Smith).