Figure 3.

Survival according to residual disease (‘R’) status in the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer international lung cancer staging database. R0= complete resection, R(un)= uncertain resections (defined as resection with microscopic negative margins but residual risk features including any combination of intraoperative lymph node evaluation less rigorous than systematic or lobe-specific nodal dissection, positive highest mediastinal lymph node, carcinoma in-situ at the bronchial margin, positive pleural lavage cytology), R1= microscopic tumor involvement at the resection margin, extracapsular extension of tumor in lymph nodes removed separately or present at the margin of the main lung specimen), R2= macroscopic evidence of residual disease including positive pleural or pericardial effusions and nodes known to be positive but not removed.^83,84