Table 2.

Severity of Depressive Symptoms by Sociodemographic, Healthcare and Disease-Related Factors

Variable	Subjects N	Depression Score^ mean (SD)	p-value
Demographics
Gender
Male	14	53.4 (6.97)	0.90
Female	92	53.8 (10.4)
Age at Survey (years)
≤39	23	55.9 (10.2)	<0.01
40-59	59	55.1 (9.77)
≥60	24	48.1 (8.35)
Race
Black & non-White*	91	54.2 (9.84)	0.21
White	15	50.7 (10.5)
Educational attainment (years)
High school or Less (≤12)	47	55.7 (9.74)	0.02
Some College (13-15)	25	54.5 (10.6)
College or Above (≥16)	33	49.8 (8.60)
Socioeconomic Resources
Marital Status
Married/Living with Partner	26	49.6 (8.97)	0.01
No PartnerΔ	80	55.0 (9.93)
Work Status
Employed (Full/Part-Time)	40	51.3 (8.37)	<0.01
Retired/Homemaker/Student	20	49.0 (9.48)
Unemployed/Disabled	45	58.1 (10.0)
Living above the Poverty Line
Yes	48	51.2 (10.5)	0.04
No	41	55.5 (8.84)
Healthcare Factors
Insurance Status
Insured	80	52.4 (9.77)	0.02
Uninsured	26	57.8 (9.56)
Type of Insurance
Medicaid	26	54.2 (10.6)	0.05
Medicare	26	50.2 (9.96)
Private	28	52.8 (8.72)
Uninsured	26	57.8 (9.56)
Visited a Primary Care Physician◊
Yes	95	53.1 (9.65)	0.06
No	11	59.0 (11.4)
Visited a Dermatologist◊
Yes	70	55.8 (8.95)	0.15
No	35	55.8 (11.7)
Visited Psychiatrist◊
Yes	21	59.7 (9.99)	<0.01
No	84	52.3 (9.47)
Visited Rheumatologist◊
Yes	40	54.4 (9.72)	0.41
No	64	52.7 (10.6)
Referred to Psychological Counseling◊
Yes	12	63.1 (8.5)	<0.01
No	93	52.5 (9.5)
Disease-Related Factors
Disease Duration (years)
≤4	37	50.6 (8.96)	0.04
5-9	25	54.7 (9.63)
10-19	24	58.1 (9.64)
≥20	18	52.8 ± 11.6

^{^}PROMIS Depression SF8a T-score (higher values indicate greater depression symptoms; cutoff T-score for moderate to severe depression is ≥60);

^ΔSeparated, divorced, widowed, or never married;

^◊in the last 12 months.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation.