Table 1.
Tobacco Smoke Exposure Rates as Measured by Serum Cotinine Levels by U.S. Non-Smoking Children Characteristics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2014
| TSE ≥0.05 by NHANES Wave | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | 1999–2000 (n =1,586) n (%)a |
2001–2002 (n =1,817) n (%) |
2003–2004 (n =1,566) n (%) |
2005–2006 (n =1,773) n (%) |
2007–2008 (n =1,795) n (%) |
2009–2010 (n =1,842) n (%) |
2011–2012 (n =1,886) n (%) |
2013–2014 (n =1,934) n (%) |
Relative Percent Decline 1999–2014 |
OR (95% CI) | P Valuec |
| Overall TSE | 746 (64.5) | 860 (56.0) | 812 (65.2) | 662 (50.9) | 722 (53.9) | 611 (42.2) | 614 (40.6) | 608 (38.1) | 44.4 | 0.85 (0.84, 0.86) | |
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Male | 392 (64.6) | 426 (55.2) | 404 (64.8) | 320 (47.0) | 365 (51.7) | 307 (41.9) | 315 (40.2) | 318 (39.5) | 39.5 | 0.85 (0.84, 0.87) | .25 |
| Female | 354 (64.4) | 434 (56.8) | 408 (65.7) | 342 (55.1) | 357 (56.3) | 304 (42.5) | 299 (41.0) | 290 (36.8) | 48.4 | 0.84 (0.83, 0.86) | |
| Age | |||||||||||
| 3–5 years | 224 (66.3) | 264 (60.4) | 307 (71.1) | 224 (55.3) | 208 (53.1) | 216 (51.1) | 176 (42.2) | 186 (40.7) | 42.3 | 0.84 (0.82, 0.86) | .47 |
| 6–11 years | 522 (63.9) | 596 (54.4) | 505 (62.7) | 438 (49.3) | 514 (54.2) | 395 (38.6) | 438 (40.0) | 422 (37.1) | 43.3 | 0.85 (0.84, 0.86) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 157 (63.3) | 233 (54.6) | 230 (69.1) | 196 (51.8) | 271 (59.1) | 218 (42.0) | 137 (37.2) | 164 (38.2) | 35.8 | 0.84 (0.83, 0.86) | .92 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 291 (85.4) | 375 (81.6) | 365 (81.4) | 245 (70.0) | 222 (65.0) | 176 (67.8) | 272 (67.9) | 244 (65.9) | 24.3 | 0.87 (0.84, 0.90) | |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 23 (60.0) | 32 (39.3) | 46 (59.4) | 56 (51.9) | 35 (47.1) | 45 (35.3) | 61 (39.9) | 77 (34.5) | 30.9 | 0.90 (0.86, 0.94) | |
| Mexican American | 231 (49.2) | 179 (44.8) | 145 (38.7) | 141 (32.0) | 111 (29.7) | 111 (28.3) | 85 (29.9) | 75 (22.9) | 69.5 | 0.86 (0.83, 0.89) | |
| Hispanic Other | 44 (67.9) | 41 (46.0) | 26 (54.1) | 24 (41.2) | 83 (49.3) | 61 (36.9) | 59 (36.1) | 48 (32.3) | 56.7 | 0.86 (0.82, 0.90) | |
| FPL | |||||||||||
| ≤130% | 386 (83.3) | 495 (78.0) | 428 (75.2) | 343 (68.6) | 400 (70.6) | 351 (56.5) | 408 (59.3) | 398 (54.0) | 39.8 | 0.80 (0.78, 0.82) | .28 |
| 131–185% | 91 (66.1) | 92 (61.0) | 117 (71.0) | 93 (69.8) | 99 (64.6) | 77 (52.8) | 83 (42.9) | 67 (37.6) | 49.9 | 0.84 (0.81, 0.87) | |
| >185% | 166 (46.3) | 235 (39.5) | 238 (56.8) | 204 (39.1) | 187 (40.4) | 146 (30.2) | 92 (23.0) | 107 (23.1) | 47.3 | 0.85 (0.83, 0.86) | |
| Unspecifiedb | 103 (68.9) | 38 (53.2) | 29 (57.5) | 22 (45.7) | 36 (46.0) | 37 (38.2) | 31 (39.3) | 36 (48.7) | 24.6 | 0.87 (0.83, 0.92) | |
| Family House Status | |||||||||||
| Owns home | 286 (51.0) | 369 (46.8) | 350 (60.8) | 297 (44.6) | 300 (45.4) | 224 (32.1) | 158 (24.9) | 179 (25.4) | 52.7 | 0.83 (0.81, 0.84) | .29 |
| Rents home | 454 (81.5) | 481 (72.5) | 450 (71.5) | 364 (64.8) | 417 (69.9) | 381 (57.3) | 455 (58.8) | 422 (53.5) | 38.2 | 0.84 (0.82, 0.85) | |
TSE, tobacco smoke exposure; FPL, family monthly poverty level; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a
n is unweighted and percent is weighted valid percent.
b
Unspecified refers to don’t know and refused to answer.
c
Sociodemographic variable and NHANES year interaction effects included in the logistic regression model.