Table 5.
Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, pain pressure threshold, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and body mass 2 years post-baseline
| Baseline | 16 weeks | 2 years | Baseline to 2 years | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Between-group differences Mean (95% CI) |
ES | |||
| Estimated VO2peak (L/min) | RT-HIIT | 2.25 ± 0.50 | 2.18 ± 0.57 | 2.46 ± 0.68 | RT-HIIT versus UC | 0.09 (− 0.15, 0.32) | 0.20 |
| AT-HIIT | 2.10 ± 0.47 | 2.08 ± 0.49 | 2.20 ± 0.66 | AT-HIIT versus UC | 0.03 (− 0.20, 0.26) | − 0.02 | |
| UC | 2.19 ± 0.53 | 1.93 ± 0.53 | 2.30 ± 0.53 | ||||
| Estimated VO2peak (ml/kg/min) | RT-HIIT | 33.45 ± 7.91 | 31.70 ± 8.26 | 35.36 ± 10.14 | RT-HIIT versus UC | 1.53 (− 2.82, 5.89) | 0.14 |
| AT-HIIT | 31.30 ± 6.65 | 31.36 ± 6.27 | 33.72 ± 10.56 | AT-HIIT versus UC | 1.11 (− 3.22, 5.44) | 0.22 | |
| UC | 32.40 ± 7.79 | 27.55 ± 6.64 | 33.24 ± 9.87 | ||||
| Isometric mid-thigh pull (kg) | RT-HIIT | 87.23 ± 29.55 | 100.24 ± 34.31 | 105.24 ± 40.11 | RT-HIIT versus UC | 12.09 (3.77, 20.40)* | 0.52 |
| AT-HIIT | 78.35 ± 25.11 | 88.26 ± 23.02 | 92.76 ± 29.25 | AT-HIIT versus UC | 5.53 (− 2.82, 13.88) | 0.43 | |
| UC | 89.32 ± 25.27 | 85.81 ± 25.96 | 92.90 ± 26.01 | ||||
| Handgrip surgery side (kg) | RT-HIIT | 28.40 ± 5.04 | 29.44 ± 5.27 | 29.21 ± 6.14 | RT-HIIT versus UC | 1.23 (− 0.13, 2.59) | 0.22 |
| AT-HIIT | 28.44 ± 4.96 | 28.08 ± 5.29 | 28.20 ± 5.30 | AT-HIIT versus UC | 0.75 (− 0.58, 2.07) | 0.04 | |
| UC | 29.00 ± 6.16 | 27.72 ± 5.78 | 28.56 ± 5.18 | ||||
| Handgrip non-surgery side (kg) | RT-HIIT | 27.71 ± 4.93 | 28.39 ± 5.54 | 28.30 ± 5.97 | RT-HIIT versus UC | 0.82 (− 0.67, 2.31) | 0.20 |
| AT-HIIT | 27.87 ± 5.44 | 27.41 ± 5.48 | 27.61 ± 6.06 | AT-HIIT versus UC | 0.73 (− 0.73, 2.18) | 0.05 | |
| UC | 28.47 ± 6.50 | 27.18 ± 6.33 | 27.93 ± 5.56 | ||||
| Pressure pain threshold trapezius | RT-HIIT | 419.19 ± 142.46 | 448.40 ± 149.84 | 401.26 ± 170.48 | RT-HIIT versus UC | 33.03 (− 20.81, 86.86) | 0.28 |
| AT-HIIT | 402.29 ± 154.23 | 388.00 ± 122.79 | 356.71 ± 152.84 | AT-HIIT versus UC | 7.37 (− 44.24, 58.98) | 0.08 | |
| UC | 401.54 ± 134.07 | 366.05 ± 124.57 | 344.50 ± 133.38 | ||||
| Pressure pain threshold gluteus | RT-HIIT | 420.54 ± 144.60 | 441.00 ± 134.38 | 422.57 ± 206.57 | RT-HIIT versus UC | 37.38 (− 11.85, 106.61) | 0.54 |
| AT-HIIT | 422.44 ± 196.89 | 413.24 ± 145.84 | 356.30 ± 152.83 | AT-HIIT versus UC | 0.91 (− 55.85, 57.67) | 0.05 | |
| UC | 429.03 ± 142.97 | 372.63 ± 140.54 | 353.82 ± 134.40 | ||||
| MVPA (min/week) | RT-HIIT | 79.83 ± 31.67 | – | 86.99 ± 33.73 | RT-HIIT versus UC | 0.12 (− 11.42, 11.67) | 0.10 |
| AT-HIIT | 70.40 ± 28.88 | – | 78.94 ± 33.59 | AT-HIIT versus UC | 5.86 (− 5.19, 16.92) | 0.15 | |
| UC | 70.04 ± 36.42 | – | 73.81 ± 28.24 | ||||
| SED (min/day) | RT-HIIT | 523.26 ± 112.68 | – | 542.26 ± 79.03 | RT-HIIT versus UC | 28.23 (− 7.21, 63.66) | 0.14 |
| AT-HIIT | 543.61 ± 109.04 | – | 559.23 ± 81.56 | AT-HIIT versus UC | 25.55 (-8.53, 59.62) | 0.11 | |
| UC | 552.83 ± 101.93 | – | 559.23 ± 81.56 | ||||
| Body mass (kg) | RT-HIIT | 68.65 ± 11.34 | 69.47 ± 10.56 | 70.46 ± 10.03 | RT-HIIT versus UC | − 0.70 (− 2.28, 0.88) | − 0.03 |
| AT-HIIT | 67.66 ± 13.00 | 67.34 ± 14.45 | 66.41 ± 10.81 | AT-HIIT versus UC | − 2.15 (− 3.71, − 0.60)* | − 0.28 | |
| UC | 68.82 ± 11.05 | 71.01 ± 11.66 | 70.94 ± 12.73 | ||||
SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, RT-HIIT resistance training and high-intensity interval exercise group, AT-HIIT moderate-intensity and high-intensity interval training group, UC usual care, MVPA objectively measured moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity, SED objectively measured sedentary behaviour
*p < 0.05