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. 2019 May 24;9:7797. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44113-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Quantification of wound vasculature in vivo. (a) Immunohistochemical detection of mouse-specific CD31 (mCD31) and human-specific CD31 (hCD31) at 7 and 14 days after grafting. Dashed lines indicate the skin substitute–host interface. Scale bars: 100 μm. (b) Quantification of CD31⁺ blood vessels in the dermal areas of grafts. The data are the mean ± SD (n = 5). **p < 0.01 compared with the non-vascularized control (unpaired Student’s t-test). (c) Immunofluorescence image stained for mouse-CD31 (red) and human-CD31 (green) of pre-vascularized substitute-treated wounds at day 14 after grafting. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). White arrowheads indicate human–mouse chimeric vessel. Scale bars: 50 μm.