Figure 5.

The efficacy of rapamycin treatment on proteostasis is enhanced in the absence of a microbiota. (A,B) Immunostaining of indirect flight muscles from 10 and 37 day old w^Dahomey female flies rendered germ free as embryos, and either maintained germ free (AX) or refed a bacterial homogenate (HF), and treated with or without rapamycin from day 4 onwards, showing polyubiquitinated aggregates (green channel, anti-FK2) and muscles (red channel stained with phalloidin/F-Actin). Scale bar is 10 µm. (C,D) Quantifications of polyubiquitin aggregates in muscle as shown in (A,B) respectively. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA w/ Newman-Keuls post-test; n > 13, one fly per replicate. Rapamycin was provided in the media at a concentration of 10 μg/ml for (A–D). All error bars represent SEM.