Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author, published year | Location | Sample size | Age | Male(%) | Type of surgery | Type of complication | Follow-up | Result (events/total) |
Adjustment | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Makary, 2010 | USA | 594 | ≥65 years | 236 (39.7) | All types | Surgical complications defined by NSQIP | Surgery after 30 days |
Frailty 15/62 Pre-frailty 40/186 Robust 47/346 |
Adjust age, race, gender, comorbidity, operation category, ASA, Lee score, Eagle score: Frailty VS Robust OR=2.54 (1.12,5,77) Pre-frailty VS Robust OR=2.06 (1.18,3.6) |
9 |
| Singh, 2011 | America | 545 | ≥65 years | 376 (69.0) | Cardiac surgery | Death, myocardial infarction | 3 years |
Frailty 48/117 Non-frailty 73/428 |
Adjust age, gender: Frailty VS Non-frailty HR=2.61 (1.52,4.5) |
8 |
| Madeleine, 2012 | America | 37 | ≥65 years | 0 |
gynecologic oncology patients undergoing surgery |
Surgical complications which defined by NSQIP | Surgery after 30 days |
Frailty 4/6 Pre-frailty 1/10 Robust 5/21 |
N/A | 6 |
| Gharacholou, 2012 | America | 545 | ≥65 years | 376 (69.0) | cardiac surgery | major cardiovascular events | Surgery after 30 days |
Frailty 11/117 Pre-frailty 30/298 Robust 10/130 |
N/A | 8 |
| Kristjansson, 2011 | Norway | 176 | ≥70 years | 75 (42.6) | General surgery | The Clavien-Dindo classification of all type complications | Surgery after 30 days |
Frailty 11/22 Pre-frailty 43/84 Robust 28/70 |
N/A | 7 |
| Tan, 2012 | Singapore | 83 | ≥75 years | N/A | General surgery | the Clavien-Dindo classification of type II and above complications | Surgery after 30 days |
Frailty 11/23 Non-frailty 11/60 |
Adjust age, operation type, ASA, comorbidity, BMI, albumin: Frailty VS Non-frailty OR= 4.08 (1.43,11.64) |
8 |
| Kistler, 2015 | America | 35 | ≥65 years | 6 (17.1) | Orthopedic surgery | Pneumonia, cardiac events, renal insufficiency or failure, delirium | during hospital admission |
Frailty 12/18 Non-frailty 5/17 |
N/A | 6 |
| Ad, 2016 | America | 166 | ≥65 years | 125 (75.3) | cardiac surgery | STS-defined complications and death | Surgery after 30 days |
Frailty 5/39 Non-frailty 11/127 |
Adjust age, gender, BMI, EuroSCORE II: Frailty VS Non-frailty OR = 1.15 (0.33,3,98) | 8 |
| Cooper, 2016 | America | 415 | ≥70 years | 165 (39.8) | Orthopedic surgery | major and minor complications | Surgery after 30 days |
Frailty 83/145 Pre-frailty 122/223 Robust 15/47 |
Adjust age, gender: Frailty VS Robust RR = 1.7 (1.1,2,1) Pre-frailty VS Robust OR = 1.6 (1.1,2.1) |
7 |
| Khan, 2016 | Singapore | 25 | >65 years | 17 (68.0) |
non‑cardiac major surgery |
Hospital acquired infection, cardiac complications and delirium | Surgery after 10 days |
Frailty 2/14 Non-frailty 2/11 |
Adjust cerebral oxygenation: Frailty VS Non-frailty OR = 1.27 (0.21,7.65) |
7 |
| Hamonangan, 2016 | Indonesia | 100 | >60 years | 69 (69.0) | cardiac surgery | MACE (death, myocardial infarction, and re-revascularization) | Surgery after 30 days |
Frailty 5/61 Non-frailty 2/39 |
N/A | 7 |
| Rodriguez,2015 | Spain | 102 | ≥70 years | 54 (52.9) | cardiac surgery | Heart failure | 1 year |
Frailty 15/29 Robust 12/73 |
Adjust dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and minute ventilation /carbon dioxide production slope: Frailty VS Robust OR = 4.55 (1.73, 12.01) |
8 |
ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, NSQIP American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, STS The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, MACE Major Adverse Cardiac Events, HR Hazard Ratio, OR odds ratio