Table 1.
Mean, mean difference, and percent difference of neighborhood-level characteristics of the first quintile (Q1, lowest access) and fifth quintile (Q5, highest access) of spatial accessibility to pediatric primary care in 2015 Philadelphia, PA
| Neighborhood variable | Spatial access Q1 | Spatial access Q5 | Q5-Q1 | % Differencea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % non-Hispanic Black | 0.55 | 0.24 | −0.31 | 129.2* |
| % Hispanic | 0.07 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 16.7 |
| % non-Hispanic Asian | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 50.0 |
| SES Factor Scoreb | −4.96 | 0.825 | 5.80 | 701.2* |
| % < 5 years of age | 0.08 | 0.06 | −0.02 | 33.3 |
| % < 18 years of age | 0.26 | 0.18 | − 0.08 | 44.4 |
| % persons with high school education or more | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.06 | 7.0 |
| median household income | 34,564.5 | 42,750.0 | 8185 | 19.1 |
| % households with public assistance | 0.10 | 0.06 | −0.03 | 66.7 |
| Gini Index of income inequalityc | 0.44 | 0.49 | 0.05 | 10.2 |
| % persons below poverty level (all ages) | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.0 |
| % persons less than 18 below poverty level | 0.40 | 0.21 | −0.19 | 90.5* |
| % under 18 with private health insurance only | 0.30 | 0.49 | 0.19 | 38.8 |
| % under 18 with public health insurance only | 0.61 | 0.39 | −0.22 | 56.4* |
| % under 18 with no health insurance coverage | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.0 |
| % unemployed | 0.17 | 0.11 | −0.06 | 54.5* |
| % single parent household with children under 18 | 0.21 | 0.10 | −0.11 | 110.0* |
| % of occupied housing units with > 1 person per room | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.00 | 0.0 |
| Density of violent crime per 10,000 people | 259.9 | 184.7 | −75.2 | 40.7 |
| Density of drug offenses per 10,000 people | 26.3 | 12.7 | −13.6 | 107.1* |
| % housing units with no vehicle available | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.03 | 8.3 |
*significant difference of means at p = 0.05 using unpaired t-test
a% difference = |Q5 – Q1|/ Q5
bnon-weighted score based on 6 measures: (1) median value of occupied housing units, (2) % persons 25 years of age and older with a high school education or more, (3) % persons 25 years of age and older with a Bachelor’s degree or more, (4) % residents with management, professional, or related occupation, (5) median household income, (6) % house with interest, dividends, or net rental income
csummarizes the allocation of money in an area. 0 corresponds to perfectly equal income distribution among residents. 1 corresponds to perfect inequality, a single resident receiving all the income for the area [26]