Table 1.
Baseline clinical data and outcomes
| Characteristics | Non-AKI (n = 1025) | AKI (n = 412) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||
| Age, years | 52.0 (41.0–62.0) | 59.0 (45.0–71.0) | < 0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 521 (50.8) | 247 (60.0) | 0.032 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.2 (21.5–23.1) | 22.4 (21.5–23.4) | 0.223 |
| Preexisting clinical conditions | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 169 (16.5) | 137 (33.3) | < 0.001 |
| DM, n (%) | 117 (11.4) | 108 (26.2) | < 0.001 |
| CKD, n (%) | 16 (1.6) | 46 (11.2) | < 0.001 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 157 (15.3) | 204 (49.5) | < 0.001 |
| Previous antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | |||
| α-glucosidase inhibitors, n (%) | 12 (1.2) | 6 (1.5) | 0.662 |
| Insulin secretagogues, n (%) | 10 (1.0) | 11 (2.7) | 0.016 |
| Thiazolidinediones, n (%) | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.7) | 0.041 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 15 (1.5) | 14 (3.4) | 0.431 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 7 (0.7) | 12 (2.9) | 0.235 |
| Admission type, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Elective surgical, n (%) | 798 (77.9) | 194 (47.1) | |
| Emergency surgical, n (%) | 94 (9.2) | 67 (16.3) | |
| Medical, n (%) | 133 (13.0) | 151 (36.7) | |
| Baseline serum creatinine, mg/dl | 0.69 (0.59–0.83) | 0.71 (0.56–0.93) | 0.145 |
| Baseline eGFR, ml/minute/1.73 m2 | 110.62 (95.27–132.95) | 109.50 (83.36–139.68) | 0.146 |
| Serum creatinine at admission, mg/dl | 0.77 (0.64–0.92) | 1.04 (0.80–1.33) | < 0.001 |
| uNAG at admission, U/g Cr | 22.55 (13.26–37.75) | 35.46 (21.26–60.96) | < 0.001 |
| Serum glucose at admission, mg/dl | 120.24 (102.74–146.25) | 143.19 (117.90–180.45) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c at admission, % | 5.60 (5.30–6.00) | 5.80 (5.40–6.30) | < 0.001 |
| APACHE II score | 10 (8–14) | 16 (10–23) | < 0.001 |
| UP, ml/kg/h | 2.05 (1.57–2.69) | 1.86 (1.24–2.62) | < 0.001 |
| Outcomes | |||
| Length of ICU stay, days | 2 (2–4) | 4 (2–9) | < 0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 10 (8–15) | 13 (8–21) | < 0.001 |
| RRT during ICU stay, n (%) | 3 (0.3) | 21 (5.1) | < 0.001 |
| ICU mortality, n (%) | 28 (2.7) | 51 (12.4) | < 0.001 |
| In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 37 (3.6) | 57 (13.8) | < 0.001 |
AKI acute kidney injury, BMI body mass index, DM diabetes mellitus, CKD chronic kidney disease, defined as baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, uNAG urinary N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, the values of uNAG were normalized to urinary creatinine concentration, Cr creatinine concentration, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin, APACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score, UP urine production first 24 h after admission, ICU intensive care unit, RRT renal replacement therapy. P value for global comparisons among groups by Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively