Table 2.

Developmental function and regulation of Ids in different cell lineage in vitro

Cell type	Treatment	Function	Regulation	Reference
P19CL6 cell	Id1/Id1 siRNA transfection	Promote/inhibit differentiation toward cardiomyocyte and cell proliferation	Up−/down- regulate Gata4, α-MHC, and Isl1	53
mESC	Id1 siRNA transfection	Inhibit cardiogenic mesoderm differentiation	Downregulate Kdr, Mesp1, Snai1, and Cdh11	45
mESC or hESC	Id1 transfection	Direct ESCs to differentiate toward the cardiogenic mesoderm	Upregulate Evx1, Grrp1, Mesp1, and Kdr, inhibit Tcf3 and Foxa2 expression	45
P19 cell	Id3 transfection	Inhibit cardiomyocyte differentiation	Inhibite the Expression of the Gata4, Nkx2.5, and MHC, such inhibition can be rescued by p204 protein	66
P19 cell	Crossveinless-2	Promote cardiomyocyte differentiation	Inhibit Smad1/5/8 activation and Id1 expression, enhance expression of T, Mesp1, Nkx2.5 and Tbx5	65

α-MHC, α-myosin heavy chain; Cdh11, cadherin 11; Evx1, even-skipped homeobox 1; Foxa2, forkhead box A2; GATA4, GATA binding protein 4; Grrp1, glycine/arginine rich protein 1; Kdr, kinase insert domain receptor; Isl1, ISL LIM homeobox 1; m/hESC, mouse/human embryonic stem cell; Mesp1, mesoderm posterior bHLH transcription factor 1; Nkx2.5, NK2 homeobox 5; Smad1/5/8, SMAD family member 1/5/8; siRNA, small interfering RNA; Snai1, snail family transcriptional repressor 1; T, T-box transcription factor T or brachyury; Tbx5, T-box transcription factor 5; Tcf3, transcription factor 3