Figure 7.

Effects of empagliflozin on renal cytoplasmic HMGB1 levels (A and B), RAGE levels (A and C), TLR-4 levels (A and D), and NF-κB activities (D). A to D: Representative bands of Western blot with semi-quantitative data. Data were normalized by the intensity of β-actin bands and then related to the values acquired by the controls. D: Nuclear fractions of tissue lysates were isolated by a nuclear extraction kit; phosphorylated NF-κB p65 subunit was detected using an ELISA kit; absorbance of the microplate wells at 450 nm was considered as the extent of NF-κB activity. HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; Cyt HMGB-1; Cytosolic HMGB-1; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; TLR-4, toll-like receptor 4; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Control, healthy control rats; Diab, diabetic control rats; EMP, diabetic rats treated with empagliflozin. ***P<0.01 vs Control rats, ©©©P<0.01 vs Diab rats