TABLE 1.
Features of included studies and participantsg
| Study authors, yr (reference) | Location(s) | No. of eligible children | Age range, median (yr) (IQR) | No. of patients/total no. of patients (%) |
Clinical features reported | EPTB status (no. of patients with EPTB [%]) | Reference standard | Sample type(s) used for reference standard | Total no. of specimens included in analysis | No. of microbiologically confirmed cases (%) | No. of clinically confirmed/unconfirmed cases (%) | No. of cases of clinically unlikely TB (%) | No. of contaminated cultures (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | TB history | TB contact history | TST positive | HIV positive | |||||||||||||
| Banada et al., 2016 (15) | South Africa | 40 | 0–15, NR | 21/38 (55) | NR | 16/38 (42) | NR | 16/38 (42) | Cough, EP symptoms, wt loss | PTB only | Xpert | IS, GA | 37 | 20 (54) | NR | ||
| Chipinduro et al., 2017 (17) | Zimbabwe | 218 | 5–16, 10.6 (8–13) | 123/218 (56) | 17/218 (7.8) | 51/218 (23) | NR | 111/198 (56) | Cough, wt loss, night sweats, fever, appetite loss | PTB onlya | Culturec /Xpert | IS | 218 | 19 (8.7) | NR | ||
| CRSb | 32 | 32 (100) | 0 (0) | NR | |||||||||||||
| Hasan et al., 2017 (16) | Pakistan | 50 | 0–15, 6.8 (2–9) | 22/50 (44) | NR | 27/50 (54) | NR | 0/50 (0) | Cough, EP symptoms, wt loss | PTB only | Cultured /Xpert | Sputum, GA | 49 | 11 (22) | NR | ||
| CRSb | 49 | 17 (35) | 32 (65) | NR | |||||||||||||
| LaCourse et al., 2018 (18) | Kenya | 165 | 0–12, 2 (1.1–4.8) | 75/165 (45) | NR | 20/162 (12) | 7/151 (4.6) | 165/165 (100) | Cough, lethargy, fever, failure to thrive | PTB onlya | Culturef /Xpert | Sputum, GA | 147 | 11 (7.5) | NR | ||
| CRSb | 165 | 85 (52) | 80 (48) | NR | |||||||||||||
| Marcy et al., 2016 (20) | Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Vietnam | 272 | 0–13, 7.2 (4.1–7.2) | 132/272 (49) | 49/272 (18) | 58/272 (21) | 50/272 (18) | 272/272 (100) | Cough, wt loss, lethargy, fever, broad-spectrum Abx failure, CXR abnormality | PTB onlya | Culturee | GA, IS, NS, string | 272 | 27 (10) | NR | ||
| CRSb | 272 | 245 (90) | 27 (10) | NR | |||||||||||||
| Moussa et al., 2016 (21) | Egypt | 115 | 1–16, NR | 45/115 (39) | NR | 29/115 (25) | 13/67 (19) | 0/115 (0) | Cough, wt loss, night sweats, fever, CXR abnormality | PTB only | Culturec | Sputum, IS | 115 | 36 (31) | 0/115 (0) | ||
| Nicol et al., 2013 (22) | South Africa | 115 | 1–15, 2.6 (1.6–4.8) | NR | 0/115 (0) | NR | NR | 17/115 (15) | Cough, wt loss, CXR abnormality | PTB only | Cultured | IS | 115 | 17 (15) | NR | ||
| Orikiriza et al., 2018 (14) | Uganda | 357 | 1–14, NR | 178/392 (45) | 8/392 (2.0) | 76/391 (19) | 99/383 (26) | 121/388 (31) | Cough, wt loss, night sweats, lethargy, fever | PTB onlya | Culturee /Xpert | Sputum, IS | 349 | 9 (2.6) | 6/357 (1.7) | ||
| Walters et al., 2017 (19) | South Africa | 379 | 0–13, 1.3 (0.8–2.4) | 184/379 (49) | 27/379 (7.1) | 214/379 (56) | 82/294 (28) | 51/379 (13) | Cough, wt loss, fever | Mix of EPTB and PTB (35/379 [9.2]) | Cultured /Xpert | GA, IS, NA, string | 379 | 72 (19) | NR | ||
| CRSb | 351 | 242 (69) | 109 (31) | NR | |||||||||||||
Implied only pulmonary TB cases based on collection of respiratory samples only.
Definitions of each clinical reference standard are given in Table S1 in the supplemental material.
Lowenstein-Jensen solid culture.
Bactec MGIT liquid culture.
Both Lowenstein-Jensen solid cultures and MGIT liquid culture.
MGIT liquid culture, with positive samples then being subcultured on Lowenstein-Jensen medium for 3 additional weeks.
Some studies included separate comparisons of stool Xpert for microbiological and clinical reference standards. Abbreviations: Abx, antibiotics; CRS, clinical reference standard; CXR, chest X ray; EP, extrapulmonary; EPTB, extrapulmonary TB; GA, gastric aspirate; IQR, interquartile range; IS, induced sputum; NA, nasopharyngeal aspirate; NR, not reported; TST, tuberculin skin test.