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. 2019 May 20;10:543. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00543

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Copyright © 2019 Song, Rahman, Jha, Gupta, Park, Kim, Lee, Lee, Sim, Bae, Lee and Suk.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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GNF-2 attenuates STZ-induced neuroinflammation. (A) The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNAs in the spinal cord tissues after GNF-2 and STZ injection was evaluated by conventional RT-PCR. (B) Quantification for mRNA expression is displayed as the fold increase of gene expression normalized to Gapdh. (C,D) Immunoreactivity (IR) of Iba-1 and GFAP was increased in the spinal cord (L4-6) of LPS-injected mice, whereas GNF-2 administration significantly attenuated this increase in IR. (E,F) Quantification for the relative intensity of Iba-1 and GFAP IR is presented adjacent to the microscopic images. ^∗p < 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated control animals; ^#p < 0.05 between the indicated groups; unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test; n = 3 for each group; data are represented as mean ± SEM. Scale bar, 100 μm.