Table 1.
Sociodemographic Characteristics and Resilience* (N = 943)
| Characteristic | n (%)† | Percent Resilient | P‡ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Site | <.001 | ||
| East | 176 (19) | 65 | |
| Midwest | 156 (17) | 50 | |
| South | 172 (18) | 44 | |
| Southwest | 247 (26) | 37 | |
| Northwest | 192 (20) | 47 | |
| Sex of child | .75 | ||
| Male | 461 (49) | 47 | |
| Female | 482 (51) | 48 | |
| Race/ethnicity of child | .01 | ||
| Black | 513 (55) | 48 | |
| White | 247 (26) | 37 | |
| Other (Native American, Asian/Pacific Islander, mixed) | 124 (13) | 40 | |
| Hispanic | 59 (6) | 55 | |
| Maltreatment (CPS report before age 4 years) | <.001 | ||
| No | 331 (35) | 59 | |
| Yes | 612 (65) | 42 | |
| Number of adults in household (mean = 1.9; SD = 0.95) | .003 | ||
| Single | 468 (65) | 43 | |
| Multiple | 251 (35) | 55 | |
| Caregiver education level (mean = 11.7; SD = 1.98) | .14 | ||
| 0–11 Years | 396 (42) | 45 | |
| ≥12 Years | 546 (58) | 50 | |
| Caregiver depressive symptoms (CES-D mean = 12.56; SD = 10.9) | <.001 | ||
| Low (CES-D <16) | 502 (53) | 56 | |
| High (CES-D ≥16) | 440 (47) | 39 | |
| Caregiver employment status | .001 | ||
| Employed | 275 (29) | 60 | |
| Unemployed | 150 (16) | 53 | |
| Student | 62 (7) | 50 | |
| Homemaker | 395 (42) | 41 | |
| Retired, disabled, or other | 60 (6) | 37 | |
| Caregiver age at birth of child (mean 28.1, SD = 10.3) | .92 | ||
| Younger than 21 years of age | 244 (26) | 48 | |
| ≥21 Years of age | 697 (74) | 48 | |
| Household annual income (median = $10,000-$14,000) | .16 | ||
| <$20,000 | 656 (71) | 47 | |
| ≥$20,000 | 268 (29) | 52 | |
| Number of children in the household (mean = 3.0, SD = 1.7) | .01 | ||
| 1 Child | 154 (16) | 57 | |
| 2–3 Children | 505 (54) | 47 | |
| 4–5 Children | 204 (22) | 49 | |
| ≥6 Children | 77 (8) | 34 | |
CPS indicates Child Protective Services; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression.
*
Resilience was defined as meeting criteria across the 3 domains at ages 4 and 6 y; at least 5 of the 6 opportunities.
†
The n for demographic variables varied slightly because of missing data.
‡
All probabilities reflect P values that are derived from a 2 × k Pearson chi-square test from Resilient (2) × Variable (k), with k = the number of levels of the variable under consideration.