Table 2.
Effect sizes (d) for dissonance-based eating disorder prevention programs versus controls and uncontrolled repeated measures designs
| Study | Thin-Ideal Internalization | Body Dissatisfaction | Dieting | Negative Affect | Eating Disorder Symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dissonance-based programs versus controls and uncontrolled repeated measures designs | |||||
| Amaral, et al. (2018) | 1.95 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 0.68 | 0.30 |
| Atkinson & Wade (2015) (dissonance v. classes as usual) | −0.01 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.44 |
| Atkinson & Wade (2016) (dissonance v. control) | 0.50 | 0.38 | 0.60 | 0.34 | 0.72 |
| Becker, Smith, & Ciao (2005) (dissonance v. waitlist) | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.21 | -- | 0.33 |
| Brown, et al. (2017) | 0.47 | -- | -- | -- | 0.31 |
| Brown & Keel (2015) (dissonance v. waitlist) | 0.73 | 0.77 | 0.58 | -- | 0.55 |
| Casasnovas et al (2018) | 0.16 | 0.19 | −0.14 | 0.24 | −0.09 |
| Chithambo & Huey (2016) (dissonance v. no intervention) | 0.94 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.46 | 0.15 |
| Ciao, Latner, Brown, Ebneter, & Becker (2015) (peer-led dissonance v. waitlist) | 0.96 | 0.47 | 0.22 | -- | 0.43 |
| Corning, et al. (2010) (intervention v. control) | 0.16 | 0.24 | -- | -- | -- |
| Cruwys, Haslam, Fox, & McMahon (2015) (no comparison group) | 1.55 | 0.71 | 1.49 | -- | -- |
| Danielsdottir et al., (2012) (study 1) (body project intervention v. waitlist control) | 0.76 | 0.19 | 0.23 | -- | 0.39 |
| Danielsdottir et al., (2012) (study 2) (no comparison group) | 0.37 | 0.82 | 0.10 | -- | 0.19 |
| Green et al., (2016) (dissonance v. control) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.02 |
| Green, Kroska, et al. (2018) | 0.21 | 0.40 | -- | 0.20 | 0.64 |
| Green, Scott, Diyankova, Gasser, & Pederson (2005) (high dissonance) (high level dissonance v. control) | 0.13 | ||||
| Green, Scott, Diyankova, Gasser, & Pederson (2005) (low dissonance) (low level dissonance v. control) | -- | -- | -- | -- | −0.25 |
| Green, Willis, et al. (2017) | 0.59 | 0.92 | -- | -- | 1.02 |
| Greif, Becker, & Hildebrandt (2015) (no comparison group) | 0.91 | 0.23 | -- | 0.17 | 0.39 |
| Grossman, et al. (2018) | 0.75 | 0.20 | -- | -- | -- |
| Halliwell & Diedrichs (2013) (intervention v. control) | 0.49 | 0.40 | 0.14 | -- | -- |
| Halliwell, Jarman, McNamara, Risdon & Jankowski (2015) (dissonance v. control) | 0.12 | 0.32 | -- | -- | -- |
| Jilka (2002) (cognitive dissonance v. no treatment) | 1.03 | 0.48 | 0.14 | -- | 0.26 |
| Jilka (2002) (cognitive dissonance v. psychoeducational control) | 1.31 | 0.68 | −0.01 | -- | 0.44 |
| Kilpela, Blomquist, Verzijl et al. (2016) (female-only) (Female only dissonance v. Waitlist) | 0.12 | 0.81 | 0.36 | 0.56 | |
| Kilpela, Blomquist, Verzijl et al. (2016) (mixed sex) (Mixed sex dissonance v. Waitlist) | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.28 | 0.60 | |
| Kilpela, DeBoer, Alley et al. (2015) (2-session dissonance) (no comparison group) | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.36 | 0.25 | 0.22 |
| Kilpela, DeBoer, Alley et al. (2015) (4-session dissonance) (no comparison group) | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.17 |
| Kilpela, Hill et al., in press (no comparison group) | 0.81 | 0.24 | -- | 0.25 | 0.19 |
| Krishna (2011, Honors Thesis) (dissonance v. control) | 0.87 | -- | -- | -- | 0.72 |
| Machin (2008, Dissertation) (cognitive dissonance v. control) | 0.31 | 0.17 | −0.04 | -- | 0.83 |
| Matusek, Wendt & Wiseman (2004) (dissonance v. control) | 0.69 | 0.18 | -- | 0.25 | 0.43 |
| McMillan, Stice & Rohde (2011) (high dissonance) (high dissonance v. control) | 1.21 | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.29 | 0.47 |
| McMillan, Stice & Rohde (2011) (low dissonance) (low dissonance v. control) | 0.87 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 0.17 | 0.10 |
| Mitchell et al., (2007) (dissonance v. control) | 0.15 | 0.33 | −0.01 | 0.43 | 0.72 |
| Pennesi & Wade (2017) (dissonance v. control) | -- | -- | -- | −0.29 | 0.33 |
| Perez, Becker & Ramirez (2010) (no comparison group) | 0.53 | 0.30 | 0.15 | -- | 0.13 |
| Presnell, Seidel, & Madeley (2008) (dissonance only v. assessment only control) | 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.07 |
| Ramirez, Perez, & Taylor (2012) (Prevention Group v. Comparison Group) | 0.25 | 0.60 | -- | 0.03 | 0.14 |
| Roehrig, et al. (2006) (no comparison group) | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.54 | 0.80 | 0.63 |
| Rohde, Auslander, Shaw, Raineri, Gau & Stice (2014) (study 1) (Body Project v. Control) | 0.32 | 0.81 | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.22 |
| Rohde, Auslander, Shaw, Raineri, Gau & Stice (2014) (study 2) (Body Project v. Control) | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.84 |
| Serdar, 2006 Group dissonance (Group dissonance v. Control) | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.26 |
| Serdar, 2006 Internet dissonance (Internet dissonance v. Control) | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.16 |
| Smith & Petrie (2008) (cognitive dissonance v. control) | 0.47 | −0.25 | -- | 0.30 | 0.20 |
| Stice, Butryn, Rohde, Shaw, & Marti (2013) (Dissonance v. Control) | 0.74 | 0.61 | 0.50 | 0.41 | 0.38 |
| Stice et al., (2006) (dissonance v. assessment only) | 0.87 | 0.61 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.30 |
| Stice et al., (2009) (dissonance v. Brochure controls) | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.30 | 0.21 | 0.30 |
| Stice, Mazotti, Weibel, & Agras (2000) (dissonance v. waitlist) | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.76 | 0.50 |
| Stice, Durant, Rohde, Shaw (2014) (Body Project) (Body Project v. Brochure controls) | 0.75 | 0.87 | 0.50 | 0.42 | 0.49 |
| Stice, Durant, Rohde, Shaw (2014) (eBody) (eBody Project v. Brochure controls) | 0.72 | 0.84 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.39 |
| Stice, Rohde, Durant, Shaw, & Wade (2013) (clinician-led groups Study 1) (Clinician-led intervention v. Brochure controls) | 1.06 | 0.90 | 0.77 | 0.57 | 0.52 |
| Stice, Rohde, Durant, Shaw, & Wade (2013) (peer-led groups Study 1) (Peer-led intervention v. Brochure controls) | 0.81 | 0.61 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 0.33 |
| Stice, Rohde, Durant, Shaw, & Wade (2013) (peer-led groups Study 2) (Peer-led intervention v. Delayed controls) | 1.06 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.64 | 0.38 |
| Stice, Trost & Chase (2003) (dissonance v. waitlist) | 0.52 | 0.34 | 0.27 | −0.23 | 0.31 |
| Trost (2006) (HIP intervention v. waitlist) | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.16 |
| Van Diest & Perez, 2012 (no comparison group) | 0.73 | 0.37 | -- | -- | 0.25 |
| Wade, George, & Atkinson (2009) (cognitive dissonance v. control) | -- | 0.37 | -- | -- | -- |
| Wolfe (1992, Dissertation) (high dissonance v. minimal dissonance) | −0.12 | −0.04 | -- | -- | -- |
| Dissonance-based programs versus alternative interventions | |||||
| Atkinson & Wade (2015) (dissonance v. mindfulness) | −0.08 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.31 |
| Atkinson & Wade (2016) (dissonance v. mindfulness) | −0.95 | −0.58 | −0.11 | −0.45 | −0.11 |
| Becker, Bull et al. (2008) (dissonance v. media advocacy) | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.13 | -- | 0.11 |
| Becker, McDaniel, et al. (2011) (athlete-modified dissonance v. athlete- modified healthy weight) | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.12 |
| Becker, Smith, & Ciao (2005) (dissonance v. media psychoeducation) | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.13 | -- | 0.18 |
| Becker, Smith, & Ciao (2006) (dissonance v. media advocacy) | 0.40 | −0.07 | 0.11 | -- | 0.01 |
| Becker, Wilson et al., (2010) (dissonance v. modified healthy weight) | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.32 | 0.33 |
| Chithambo & Huey (2016) (internet dissonance v. internet CB) | 0.37 | −0.20 | −0.19 | 0.14 | −0.31 |
| Krysanski (2005, Dissertation) (dissonance v. psychoeducation control) | 0.28 | −0.20 | 0.04 | −0.07 | −0.11 |
| Linville, Cobb, Lenee-Bluhm et al. (2015) (dissonance v. video control) | 0.52 | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.34 |
| Machin (2008, Dissertation) (cognitive dissonance v. healthy weight) | 0.47 | 0.42 | −0.09 | -- | −0.56 |
| Matusek, Wendt & Wiseman (2004) (dissonance v. healthy weight) | 0.16 | −0.02 | -- | 0.29 | 0.12 |
| Mitchell et al., (2007) (dissonance v. yoga) | 0.01 | 0.40 | −0.13 | 0.14 | 0.24 |
| Pennesi & Wade (2017) (dissonance v. imagery rescripting) | -- | -- | -- | 0.02 | −0.70 |
| Smith & Petrie (2008) (cognitive dissonance v. healthy weight) | 0.54 | 0.58 | -- | 0.51 | 0.27 |
| Stice, Chase, et al., (2001) (dissonance v. early version of the healthy weight) | 0.62 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
| Stice et al., (2006) (dissonance v. expressive writing) | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.41 |
| Stice et al., (2006) (dissonance v. healthy weight) | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.16 |
| Stice, Durant, Rohde, Shaw (2014) (Body Project) (Body Project v. Video controls) | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.35 |
| Stice, Durant, Rohde, Shaw (2014) (eBody) (eBody Project v. Video controls) | 0.52 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.14 |
| Stice, Rohde, Shaw, & Gau (2017), (eBody Project v. Video controls) | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.29 |
| Stice, Rohde, Shaw, & Gau (2017), Peer (Body Project v. Video controls) | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.49 | 0.34 | 0.28 |
| Stice, Rohde, Shaw, & Gau (2017), Clinician (Body Project v. Video controls) | 0.74 | 0.60 | 0.57 | 0.37 | 0.43 |
| Stice, Trost & Chase (2003) (dissonance v. healthy weight) | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.16 | −0.09 | −0.14 |
| Wade, George, & Atkinson (2009) (cognitive dissonance v. acceptance) | -- | −0.01 | -- | -- | -- |
| Wade, George, & Atkinson (2009) (cognitive dissonance v. distraction) | -- | −0.21 | -- | -- | -- |
| Wade, George, & Atkinson (2009) (cognitive dissonance v. ruminative attention control) | -- | 0.30 | -- | -- | -- |