Table 4.
Estimated associations between paternal characteristics and anotia/microtia in offspring, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011
| All cases - unadjusted model (n=699) | All cases - adjusted model | Isolated cases - adjusted (n=480) | Non-isolated cases - adjusted (n=219) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
| Age at deliverya | ||||
| <25 years | 1.13 (0.93, 1.37) | 0.86 (0.67, 1.10) | 0.81 (0.61, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.63, 1.51) |
| 25–34 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| >35 years | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.12) | 0.83 (0.63, 1.10) | 1.04 (0.71, 1.54) |
| Race/ethnicityb | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 0.68 (0.47, 0.97) | 0.98 (0.56, 1.72) | 0.71 (0.33, 1.52) | 1.59 (0.69, 3.68) |
| Hispanic | 3.71 (3.13, 4.40) | 2.11 (1.54, 2.88) | 1.81 (1.25, 2.63) | 2.89 (1.70, 4.91) |
| Other | 1.92 (1.39, 2.65) | 1.45 (0.98, 2.14) | 1.36 (0.85, 2.18) | 1.62 (0.82, 3.19) |
| Birthplacec | ||||
| US | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| non-US | 2.68 (2.29, 3.14) | 1.92 (1.53, 2.41) | 2.06 (1.57, 2.69) | 1.66 (1.11, 2.47) |
| Education leveld | ||||
| <high school | 1.83 (1.50, 2.24) | 1.18 (0.95, 1.45) | 1.31 (1.02, 1.69) | 0.91 (0.63, 1.33) |
| high school | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| >high school | 0.68 (0.56, 0.82) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) | 0.93 (0.73, 1.19) | 0.77 (0.55, 1.07) |
| Substance abuse | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.02 (0.79, 1.31) | NCe | 0.91 (0.66, 1.24)e | 1.26 (0.84, 1.90)e |
aOR: adjusted odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, NC: not calculated, OR: odds ratio, US: United States
a
Multivariable models were adjusted for maternal age and paternal education.
b
Multivariable models were adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity.
c
Multivariable models were adjusted for maternal birthplace.
d
Multivariable models were adjusted for paternal race/ethnicity.
e
Adjusted estimates not calculated because no confounder(s) were identified for model inclusion.