Table 2.
Role of FGF/FGFR in pancreatic cancer
| FGF/FGFR | Targets | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| FGF‐1 | Induction of phosphorylation of E‐cadherin and β‐catenin, regulation of SOX‐9, HNF3β, HES1 | Overexpression; associates with advanced tumour stage and shorter survival | 40, 41, 43, 44, 61 |
| FGF‐2 | Induction of phosphorylation of E‐cadherin and β‐catenin, regulation of SOX‐9, HNF3β, HES1, ornithine decarboxylase | Overexpression; associates with advanced tumour stage and shorter survival; promotes cell growth and invasion | 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 49, 61 |
| FGF‐5 | Induction of MAPK activity | Overexpression; promotes the cell growth | 55 |
| FGF‐7 | Activates NF‐κB, VEGF, MMP‐9 and uPA, regulation of SOX‐9, HNF3β, HES1 | Overexpression; promotes migration and invasion | 59, 61 |
| FGF‐10 | Increases MT1‐MMP and TGF‐β1, regulation of SOX‐9, HNF3β, HES1 | Induces cell migration and invasion. Overexpressed; a biomarker for chemotherapeutic treatment response | 61, 62, 63 |
| FGF‐13 | Not identified | Associates with the shorter survival and occurrence of liver metastasis in pancreatic cancer | 64 |
| FGF‐19 | Stimulation of FGFR4 | Inhibits cell migration, invasion and attachment | 65 |
| FGF‐BP1 | Not identified | Overexpression; Induces early during the pancreatic cancer initiation | 79, 80 |
| FGFR‐1 | Activation of MAPK, caspase 3, inhibition of Bcl‐xL/Bax and SPARC | Controls cell growth, cell death, adhesion, movement and tumour angiogenesis | 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89 |
| FGFR‐2 | ERK, VEGF‐A | Overexpression; associates with a shorter survival rate; inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion | 62, 91, 93 |
| FGFR‐4 | PLC‐γ, PI3K, MAPK | Associates with longer overall survival; increases cell adhesion, inhibits cell migration | 65, 95 |