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. 2019 May 27;9:7905. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44394-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Actuation properties of f-PNIPAM prepared with different length: thickness ratios. The samples through the LCST caused bending away from the top surface. (a) Photographs during heating to above the LCST of four f-PNIPAM sheets prepared to the indicated length: thickness ratios. (b) Variation in the final curvature of the f-PNIPAM above the LCST as a function of the initial length: thickness ratio. The error bars represent the variation in the degree of curvature along the sample length.