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. 2019 May 27;9:7854. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44153-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bar graphs representing the average number of bacteria, leucocytes and phagocytes on the surface of the catheter segments placed underneath the flaps per scanning electron microscopy (SEM) field. For each rat, the average number of bacteria on the surface of catheters was based on manual counting bacterial cells on 20 SEM fields at 7500X magnification on each of the two catheter segments, or, when only one catheter segment could be retrieved, on counts performed on 40 SEM fields of that catheter segment. Average leucocyte and phagocyte density on the surface of the catheter was performed in a similar way, with the exception that SEM fields used were at obtained 750X magnification. A scanning electron microscope JEOL JSM-5410, with acceleration voltage of 0.015–0.030 V, was used for quantification purposes. Horizontal lines in the upper portion of the figure indicate statistically significant differences between groups (p < 0.05). Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. ***p < 0.001.