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. 2019 May 27;9:7854. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44153-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Typical scanning electron microscopy images of the surface of catheters showing the variable distribution of bacteria. (A) Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the planktonic form; (B) P. aeruginosa are seen forming a large flat biofilm in the central portion of the image; (C) Small cocci (contamination) are seen on the surface of an hair shaft that contaminated the surgical wound; the box represents an higher amplification view of the middle portion of the hair shaft (D) P. aeruginosa cells are seen scattered on the surface of the catheter; some of these cells are dividing; amongst P. aeruginosa, it is possible to observe cocci; (E) Diplococcus; (F) Staphylococcus. Calibration bar = 1 µm (A, D, E, F); 10 µm (B,C)