Table 3.

Future advancements and ongoing clinical trials

Dye	Article	Reference	Number of animals	Duration of visualization	Doses (IVa, mg/kg)	Toxicity in rats (mg/kg)	Ongoing clinical trials
CW800-CA	Tanaka et al. (2007)	[22]	12 rats, 6 pigs	120 min	0.0015–0.015	> 20 [26]	NCT03387410c NCT03106038c
	Schols et al. (2014)	[23]	2 pigs		0.007–0.086
	Korb et al. (2015)	[24]	6 pigs		0.030–0.12
CW800-BK	Al-Taher et al. (2018)	[25]	3 pigs		0.08–0.3
(cRGD-)ZW800-1	Verbeek et al. (2014)	[27]	3 rats	< 7.5 h	0.25–30 nmol	> 24.5 [28]	2017-001954-32e
Fluorescein	Dip et al. (2014)	[29]	9 rats	< 12 h	7	LD50 = 600 [43]	Unknown
	Meershoek et al. (2018)	[30]	3 pigs		5 ml, 100 mg/ml SC/IMb
Liposomal ICG	Portnoy et al. (2015)	[32]	25 mice	> 90 min	8	Liposomes: 10 [34] ICG: LD50 = 87 [35]	Unknown
	Friedman-Levi et al. (2018)	[33]	> 12 mice, 2 pigs		4–16
Genhance 750	Rowe et al. (2012)	[36]	10 swine	> 20 min	0.5	NR	Unknown
UL-766	Cha et al. (2018)	[37]	8 rats	> 60 min	0.09	NR	Unknown
UreterGlow	Mahalingam et al. (2018)	[38]	5 pigs	< 6 h	0.1	NR	Unknown

ICG indocyanine green, NR not reported

^aIntravenous injection

^bSubcutaneous/intramuscular injection

^cClinicaltrials.gov database

^dEU clinical trial register