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. 2019 May 27;9:7886. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44418-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Tissue penetration and attachment analysis of TI-DMNs. (A) Pig cadaver skin was pierced at 0.19 ± 0.06 N in conventional DMNs, (B) and 0.1 ± 0.07 N in TI-DMNs. The skin detachment force required (C) for conventional DMNs was 0.08 ± 0.05 N at a short displacement distance of 0.35 ± 0.1 mm, whereas (D) for TI-DMN, it was 0.2 ± 0.11 N at 0.66 ± 0.13 mm. (E) Comparison of dynamic tissue interlocking ability of conventional DMNs compared with (F) TI-DMNs using pig cadaver skin. (G) The insertion gap between DMNs and skin was significantly larger in conventional DMNs at 237 ± 133 µm compared with TI-DMNs at 86 ± 28 µm. After 10 bending cycles at 120°, while the gap was maintained in TI-DMN patches, it was further increased in conventional DMNs. Data in (G) are the mean ± s.e.m (n = 5).