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. 2019 May 27;9:7886. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44418-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Penetration and permeation analysis of TI-DMNs compared with conventional DMNs. (A) Transcutaneous permeation kinetic analysis confirmed that TI-DMN delivered a larger volume of encapsulated drug surrogate at a faster rate compared to conventional DMN. (B) A remarkably larger portion of encapsulated drug surrogate remained undissolved over the patch in conventional DMN compared with (C) TI-DMNs post application. (D) The dorsal skin of mice prior to DMN application. (E) While the diffusion spots in conventional DMN-treated skin were barely visible, (F) a remarkably higher intensity was detected in TI-DMN-treated mice. (G) TI-DMN posed a penetration success rate of 98 ± 1.1% compared to conventional DMNs at 74 ± 5.2%. (H) TI-DMN delivered a notably higher volume of the encapsulated drug surrogate compared to conventional DMNs. Data in (A), (G), and (H) are the mean ± s.e.m (n = 4). Scale bars in (B) and (C) are 300 µm, and in (E) and (F) are 5 mm.